This paper presents the assessment of selected tractor tires used in forest conditions. The first element of this assessment is related to tractive properties, while the second part concerns the ...potential negative impact of the tires on the ground. The research was conducted on the skid trail located in a lowland pine stand in Poland (Lower Silesian District). The 9.5-24, 400/55-22.5 and 11.2R24 tires were used for the experiment, and the following tractive parameters were analyzed: traction force, pulling force and rolling resistance. These parameters were determined during the experiment using special measure stand mounted on a 3-point linkage of the tractor. In addition to the traction properties, the impact of the wheel on the ground was determined – this evaluation included measurements of footprint areas and calculation of contact pressures. Based on the obtained results, it was shown that the increase of the vertical load and reduction of the inflation pressure of tires can cause an increase in net traction force of as much as 35% and 16%, respectively. The analysis of contact areas and pressures showed that the widest tire (400/55-22.5) had the least negative impact on the ground. The reducing of inflation pressure allowed to obtain higher traction force, higher contact area and smaller contact pressures.
6 castrate pigs about 30 kg live weight each entered in a fence into hilly woodland area. The pigs were bred until about 140 kg live weight. After 10 months of pasture breeding, the environmental ...damages (cover ground, plants and soil characteristics) by rooting and trampling were evaluated. The damages to cover ground and to shrubs and to physical structure (Fissures and Aggregate stability) caused hydro-geological instability with soil erosion and landslides. Removing surface layers of soil caused considerable loss of organic matter (Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen), microbial activity (Microbial ATP and breathing) and enzyme activity changes (Total β−glucosidase and Extra cellular β−glucosidase). Damages to native plants are different in relation to the root and the trunk kinds, and to the palatability of leaves and apexes which result inversely related whit the abundance of disagreeable substances content (ADL, Tannins, Resins, Latex).
6 castrate pigs about 30 kg live weight each entered in a fence into hilly woodland area. The pigs were bred until about 140 kg live weight. After 10 months of pasture breeding, the environmental ...damages (cover ground, plants and soil characteristics) by rooting and trampling were evaluated. The damages to cover ground and to shrubs and to physical structure (Fissures and Aggregate stability) caused hydro-geological instability with soil erosion and landslides. Removing surface layers of soil caused considerable loss of organic matter (Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen), microbial activity (Microbial ATP and breathing) and enzyme activity changes (Total β−glucosidase and Extra cellular β−glucosidase). Damages to native plants are different in relation to the root and the trunk kinds, and to the palatability of leaves and apexes which result inversely related whit the abundance of disagreeable substances content (ADL, Tannins, Resins, Latex).
Development of industry, building of settlements, disposal of various wastes, surface exploitation of various raw materials, and introduction of new technologies have led to the formation of new ...soils. These soil damages present specifi c syndrome, which includes various processes, such as: infection, anthropogenic contamination, degradation and destruction (pedocide). The paper discusses the soils which are created by processes of destruction. These soils are separated in a special soil class, denoted as a technogenous class.
It emphasizes the diff erences relative to anthrosols. Drastic changes occurred in the technosols, where the natural soil properties are completely destroyed, or they are deeply covered with various disposals. The paper also addresses the properties of technosols, their classifi cation and use, as well as the specifi cs of their mapping.
Soil damage can be caused naturally or by human activities. Potential areas that have high soil damage are sub-watershed areas and one of them is the Upper Serang Sub-watershed in Central Java. ...Assessment of potential and actual land damage will help to make wise land use planning. This research aims to assess actual and potential soil damage and the factors affecting the Upper Serang Sub-watershed. This research used descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods, where quantitative descriptive methods were used to assess soil damage and descriptive qualitative methods were used to determine farmer activity factors about soil conservation. The research result, that potential soil damage was included in the highly class soil damaged category with limiting factors are high rainfall of around > 2500 mm/year, slopes that exceed 25% (25-40% and >40%), soil type was dominated by Inceptisol soil and land use dominated by the moor. Meanwhile, actual soil damage has a slightly soil-damaged class with the limiting factors being permeability, redox potential, and the combined permeability and the soil fraction composition. Actual soil damage has a slightly soil-damaged class (RI) because farmers have taken soil conservation measures by mechanical methods dominant. Future efforts that farmers must do are to increase soil conservation measures with a combination of mechanical and biological conservation methods. Keywords: Actual soil damage, Potential soil damage, Upper Serang Sub-watershed.
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•A novel soil electrochemical remediation technology is proposed.•Efficient Cd removal from kaolin is realized using soil/carbon flow-electrode.•The adsorbed Cd in kaolin is released ...by cation exchange behavior.•Negative charged carbon facilitates the transfer and migration of Cd.•S-FCDI provides lower energy consumption and minimal macroelement loss.
In this study, we present a novel soil electrochemical remediation technology (called S-FCDI), which is based on flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), for Cd removal from kaolin while under continuous operation mode. The results demonstrated that Cd can be effectively removed from kaolin with reasonable energy consumption and minimal macroelement loss. The carboxylic (OOH) functional groups on the surface of activated carbon (AC) facilitated the transfer of Cd from kaolin onto carbon surface. A stable acidic environment, which is advantageous for continuous Cd desorption, was achieved as a result of the balance between H+ generation and transmembrane migration. Once these net negative charges on the particle were eliminated or reversed, the adsorbed Cd could be released easily and driven in concentrated stream by electrostatic repulsion. Under the optimal operating conditions (i.e., carbon =50 g/L, j = 3.47 A/m2, pHi = 3.2, NaCla =8.6 mmol/L), more than 80 % Cd was removed from (200 g) kaolin after continuous 19 h operation at a relatively low electricity consumption of 22.7 kW h/kg Cd and a limited Al loss of 0.06 wt‰. These results from this work demonstrated that S-FCDI could be an alternative soil electrochemical remediation technology for heavy metal removal with low soil damage.
•Traffic by heavy machinery has significant impacts on soil properties.•First passes cause the strongest impacts.•Impacts depend highly on soil characteristics and actual site conditions.
Forest ...harvesting activities can cause soil damage and disturbance through soil compaction, rut formation and soil mixing. These affect the soil structure and functions and forest productivity. Soil compaction results for instance in increased bulk density and decreased porosity, affecting soil moisture, water infiltration and aeration. The effects of timber forwarding on soil physical properties have gained little attention in boreal forests. These issues will become more important in the future since harvesting operations on unfrozen soils are getting more common due to the anticipated climate warming.
In this study, changes of forest soil physical properties (bulk density, moisture content and porosity) after 1–10 forwarder passes on two fine-grained mineral soil sites in southern Finland were analysed. Penetration resistance and rut formation were also measured. The measurements were performed in three periods with different soil moisture conditions. The test drives were carried out with a conventional 8-wheeled forwarder with total mass of 29.8tons.
Soil bulk density increased and porosity decreased after the machinery passes. However, soil moisture content increased on one site and mainly decreased on another. The first three passes caused the greatest compaction and rutting, the first pass having the strongest impact. After the first and third pass 34–55% and over 70% of the total mean rut depth was formed, respectively. Further passes caused only minor rutting. The compaction and changes of soil physical properties appeared to be greater in dry conditions. Rut formation and soil mixing were greater in moist conditions. The results are, however, site-specific, and more research is needed to achieve a better understanding of the relationships between different factors affecting impacts of timber forwarding on soil.
The war in Ukraine has had a devastating impact on the environment. Military actions have caused the release of hazardous substances into the environment, such as pollutants and toxic chemicals, that ...have contaminated the water, soil, and air, posing a threat to both human health and the environment. This has resulted in widespread destruction and contamination of natural habitats and resources and has disrupted wildlife populations and ecosystems. The impacts of military activity on the soils of protected areas are particularly critical, as they are the basis of biotic and landscape diversity and require special management and scientifically based monitoring measures even in peaceful conditions. In this context, this communication paper aims to provide an overview of the impacts of the war on the soils in four Ukrainian protected areas, namely Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve; Desniansko-Starohutskyi National Nature Park; Holosiivskyi National Nature Park, and Hetmanskyi National Nature Park. To address these aspects, this paper combined GIS analysis and secondary data including soil samples obtained during field expeditions, to provide evidence of how ground battles, occupation, terrestrial land mines, and explosions can severely impact the soils. Practical and theoretical implications of the military actions are also discussed.
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•The research combined GIS analysis and secondary data including soil samples to provide evidence of war impacts in Ukraine.•This study discovered and discribed military actions that endangered environment of four protected areas in Ukraine.•On-site assessment of territories provided evidence of the destruction of soil horizons and alteration of their properties.•The soil sample analyses found that the protected areas are contaminated with hazard elements (I-III classes).•This study explored the interconnections of war and environmental degradation, and suggested mitigation measures.
Indonesia's population in 2021 will increase by 0.92% from 2020. The increasing population demands the fulfillment of food. Land changes and their consequences indicate land damage. The purpose of ...the study was to assess the soil damage potential index (SDPI) on the slopes of Mount Argopura through terrain analysis and the use of geographic information system technology. The research was carried out on the slopes of Mount Argopura in 2022. The tools used included a clinometer, a GPS, spectrophotometer, AAS, arc GIS 13 and minitab. The materials included administrative maps, soil maps, slope maps, RBI maps, land use maps, rainfall maps. This research is descriptive exploratory with field survey method. The activity is divided into 3 stages, namely pre-survey, field survey, and post-survey. Research parameters include texture, soil thickness, soil type, soil pH, CEC, base saturation, soil drainage, parent material, landform, relief, rainfall, and land use. Based on the results of the study, the SDPI with an area of 22,148.75 ha was in the heavy category 44.12% (9772.28 ha), the medium category was 53.11% (11762.84 ha), and the light category was 2.77% (613.63 ha). Keywords: Geographic Information System, Land Degradation, Mount Argopura, Soil Damage
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