•Analyse the dependency and interdependency among factors influencing port state control policy.•Develop a risk prediction tool to reduce ships’ detention likelihood of their ships.•Propose a ...data-driven Bayesian network for rational implementation of port state control policy.•Conduct an empirical study to provide useful insights for rational risk based port state control.
In the past decades, maritime transportation not only contributes to economic prosperity, but also renders many threats to the industry, causing huge casualties and losses. As a result, various maritime safety measures have been developed, including Port State Control (PSC) inspections. In this paper, we propose a data-driven Bayesian Network (BN) based approach to analyse risk factors influencing PSC inspections, and predict the probability of vessel detention. To do so, inspection data of bulk carriers in seven major European countries from 2005 to 20081In 2008, New Inspection Regime (NIR) was first introduced in Paris MoU port state control. Two sets of data, before and after 2008 are being collected for analysis of the effect of NIR. This paper, as the first phase study, analyses the detention probability before the implementation of NIR.1 in Paris MoU is collected to identify the relevant risk factors. Meanwhile, the network structure is constructed via TAN learning and subsequently validated by sensitivity analysis. The results reveal two conclusions: first, the key risk factors influencing PSC inspections include number of deficiencies, type of inspection, Recognised Organisation (RO) and vessel age. Second, the model exploits a novel way to predict the detention probabilities under different situations, which effectively help port authorities to rationalise their inspection regulations as well as allocation of the resources. Further effort will be made to conduct contrastive analysis between ‘Pre-NIR’ period and ‘Post-NIR’ period to test the impact of NIR started in 2008.
Maritime transport plays a key role in global trade. The safeguard of maritime transport is the Port State Control (PSC) inspection implemented all over the world. The outbreak of the Coronavirus ...disease (COVID-19) in 2020 presents new and unprecedented impacts on global supply chains and the ports as well as the entire shipping industry. Various measures were adopted by the countries and regions to halt the spread of the pandemic, mainly by reducing face-to-face interactions. As PSC inspections involve getting onboard vessels and in-person communications between the inspectors and the crew, its procedure and results are highly likely to be influenced by the COVID-19. This study aims to explore whether, how, and why the global and regional PSC inspection statuses are influenced by the pandemic through analyzing real inspection data. Specifically, three general indicators, namely inspection number, average deficiency number per inspection, and detention rate, are considered. Moreover, a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the inspection data at the Hong Kong port is conducted, including the number of inspections conducted, the average deficiency number and detention rate, the types of inspections conducted and ships inspected, the detailed deficiency and detention conditions, the relationship between the local pandemic situation and the PSC inspection status, and regression analysis on the influencing factors on inspection outcome. It is found that the COVID-19 pandemic indeed has an impact on PSC. Meanwhile, pragmatic and flexible measures are adopted by the port states, and the PSC has always been acting as a ‘safety net’ to guarantee maritime safety, promote the marine environment, and protect the seafarers' rights even under the difficult times during the COVID-19 pandemic.
•Collected, analyzed, and compared PSC inspection statuses before and after the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world.•Compared PSC inspection status before and after the COVID-19 at the Hong Kong port considering various indicators.•The trend in PSC inspection in recent years at the Hong Kong port is carefully examined and analyzed.•The effectiveness of PSC, especially during the difficult times brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, is verified.•Policy and managerial insights of maintaining the effectiveness of PSC during the COVID-19 are generated.
Port State Control (PSC) can effectively improve crew and ship safety, reduce the probability of maritime accidents, and prevent marine environment from being polluted, playing a key role in the ...international shipping market. In order to effectively identify the degree of influence of various defects on the main types of ships in PSC inspection, a risk assessment matrix is constructed in this paper to determine the risk level of each detention defect. In addition, considering the association between various detention defects, this paper uses the CARMA algorithm to mine the association rules between various detention defects, so as to identify the defects that cause a higher risk of ship detention. The results show that for the existing six main ship types, Fire safety, Safety of Navigation, Life saving appliances and ISM have higher risks of ship detention and the risk of a ship being detained by a defect varies for different types of ships. In addition, corresponding recommendations are provided for port state control officer (PSCO) and ship managers to ensure ship safety based on the risk of deficiencies. This paper has reference value for shipping companies to effectively manage ships and improve the efficiency of port state inspection.
•Evaluate the retention risk of defects in terms of both likelihood and severity.•Research on the detention risk of different ship type defects.•Provides targeted advice to all parties involved in the maritime industry•Combining extensive PSC retention data for research.
In this paper, a novel magnetization state (MS) control method is proposed by utilizing torque deviation to achieve the MS closed-loop control for variable flux memory machine. Firstly, the ...relationship between the MSs and the demand magnetizing current pulses is built into a look-up table, which also contains information on the flux linkages and the dq -axis inductances under different MSs. Afterwards, a model-based torque calculation is adopted for torque estimation, and then, the torque deviation between the present MS and the target MS can be obtained and utilized to generate the MS switch signal, which will determine the type of MS manipulation. Subsequently, the calculated torque will also be used for real-time monitoring of MS. The feasibility of the proposed MS control method is verified by simulation. Finally, experiments are carried out on a hybrid magnet memory machine control system for validation.
To provide safe, secure, and environment-friendly maritime transport, it is an essential point to define and take appropriate countermeasures against the substandard ships in maritime transport. Port ...State Control (PSC) is one of the critical inspection regimes recognized worldwide to define substandard ships. However, one of the biggest challenge faced in ship inspection is the necessity of checking many items through limited time and qualified human resources. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to develop a decision support system to increase the effectiveness of ship inspections. In accordance with this, we proposed an intelligent ship inspection analytics (I-SIA) model based on the Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) process by utilizing fuzzy c-means clustering and apriori algorithms. The I-SIA model provides the determination of ship deficiency patterns based on specific ship attributes, and subsequently predicts main/sub inspection items to be focused on through former inspection records of the ship to be inspected. In the case study performed for a selected ship, I-SIA predicts critical 5 main and 23 sub-inspection items that need to be checked with high priority, among 17 main inspection items and out of more than 500 sub-inspection items. Herewith, I-SIA provides a ship-specific and dynamic ship inspection based on deficiencies recorded in previous inspections and detected during inspection. Thus, it becomes possible to enhance the effectiveness of the inspection via defined deficiency patterns.
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•Adaptation of Knowledge Discovery in Database process to construct intelligent ship inspection analytics (I-SIA) model.•Utilization of data mining technologies in the construction of I-SIA model through fuzzy clustering and apriori algorithms.•Discretization of each ship attributes based on deficiency index approach via fuzzy clustering technique.•Prediction of ship-specific risk areas and deficiencies as per ship attributes and inspection records by apriori algorithm.•Providing a decision support system to be improved ship inspection effectiveness with the I-SIA model.
Port State Control (PSC) ensures that foreign ships do not sail until they can proceed at sea without posing a danger to maritime safety and environment. Since 2011, a New Inspection Regime (NIR) has ...been implemented by the PSC of the Memorandum of Understandings (MoU) member countries to identify potential substandard ships and increase the effectiveness of inspections. The NIR process and whether the target factors in the NIR can effectively reduce risks at sea are worth exploring. We take the Tokyo MoU as an example and retrieve 125,259 cases from 2015 to 2017 using computer programing. Based on the big data, we adopt a binary logistic regression to analyze detention decisions, which we then supplement by applying a decision tree to conduct a multi-factor decision-making analysis. The ships' characteristics such as age, type, deadweight, number of deficiencies, and others, namely, port State, performances of flag State, and recognized organization, may also shed light on the risks associated with detentions. Based on the empirical results, we derive three conclusions. First, the following factors are essential: ship age, ship type, performance of flag States, and the number of deficiencies that NIR considers significant. Second, ships older than 6 years seem more likely to be substandard. If a ship has five or more deficiencies, the probability that it will be detained is high. Third, discrepancies exist when carrying out the PSC among port States in the Tokyo MoU.
•Evaluating the effectiveness of the target factors in the NIR for PSC.•Analyzing the detention risks of ships based on 125,259 cases of Tokyo MoU.•Giving policy implications on improving the NIR for Tokyo MoU.
Port State Control (PSC) means the inspections and controls that port states implement on the foreign ships visiting their own ports to aim to ensure safe shipping and prevent maritime pollution ...caused by ships. When shortcomings in ships that may undermine safety or cause maritime environmental damage are identified, the port states can detain the ship until the weaknesses are rectified to ensure safety and mitigate pollution risks. This paper analyzes the factors behind the detention of ships under PSC using grey rational analysis (GRA) model with improved entropy weight to understand how much the varied factors influence the decision of ship detention, and identifies key factors of detainment to guarantee shipping safety and environmental protection. To start with, this paper selects nine issues as main factors behind ship detention based on a study of previous and current data and information, then it establishes a method using GRA model with improved entropy weight and the procedural steps. In conclusion, this paper conducts empirical analysis with detention data in port states in the Asia-Pacific Region collected by Tokyo MOU in the past decade. Based on the results, this paper puts forward suggestions and countermeasures so as to reduce ship detention. The research offers advice on effective measures on ship safety inspections by the port states as well as decision-making support on maritime safety and environmental protection policies for governments and various stakeholders.
•Port State Control aims to ensure safe shipping and prevent maritime pollution.•The factors behind ship detention under PSC are analyzed.•A model is proposed to understand varied factors influencing ship detention.•An empirical analysis of Tokyo MOU is conducted.
•The enhanced hysteresis model based on discrete charging/discharging state control incorporating electricity price and V2G is developed.•A real-time control strategy for EV charging coordination is ...developed based on the enhanced hysteresis model.•Charging costs for each EV owner and the load pressure of the community are significantly reduced with the proposed real-time coordinated control strategy.•The proposed method has good computational performance, which is applicable for large-scale EV charging coordination.
The electrification of the transportation sector has been recognized as a major step to improve the flexibility of power grids, leading to a rapid increase of the scale of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the uncontrolled charging pattern of EVs in residential communities can cause a huge adverse impact on distribution systems. Existing research on EV charging coordination mainly focuses on continuous power control, whereas discrete charging state control gains little attention. To achieve coordination of EV charging based on discrete state control, an enhanced hysteresis model is proposed and combined with a prioritization method to form a real-time control strategy. First, to minimize the charging cost of individual EV owners, the enhanced hysteresis model is built. Second, to effectively respond to regulated signals from EV aggregators, a prioritization method is proposed to clarify the dispatch sequence of EVs. Third, the combination of the enhanced hysteresis model and the prioritization method is applied to form a real-time control strategy. The performance of the enhanced hysteresis model and the real-time control strategy is validated by comparison with existing work. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in load profile smoothing and charging cost reduction with a short computational time.
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