Retail electricity prices have substantially increased in the last decade in the European Union (EU) as a result of different regulations, raising the concern of policy makers. The growth in the ...support costs for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) has often been singled out as a main driver of the increase in these prices. The aim of this paper is to analyse the degree of influence of RES-E promotion costs on the evolution of the retail price of electricity in the EU Member States. The analysis is carried out for households as well as for industry, with the help of a panel data econometric model. Our results show that the impact of renewable energy promotion costs on retail electricity prices is positive and statistically significant, although relatively small. Differences across consumer types can be observed. An increase of 1% in those costs induces an average increase of only 0.023% in industrial retail prices and 0.008% in the residential retail prices. This impact on retail prices is mediated by the type of support scheme which is adopted, with price-based support instruments showing a greater effect than quantity-based ones.
This paper has two objectives: (1) to introduce a new approach to gaining widespread support for comprehensive road pricing; and (2) to develop a detailed social welfare analysis for road pricing ...schemes. We first describe a new approach to garnering support for system-wide road pricing, which we refer to as an investment public-private partnership, or IP3. This approach returns a significant portion of the economic value created by road pricing back to its citizen-owners. Next, we present a social welfare framework that estimates the benefits and costs of using the IP3 approach on an urban transportation network. Policy makers typically evaluate public-private partnership (P3) projects using Value for Money (VfM) analysis. However, a P3 project's impact on overall social welfare provides a more comprehensive evaluation criterion. Apart from several theoretical studies, a detailed social welfare analysis that includes all major P3 project stakeholders is lacking. Using Fresno City's transportation system as our case study, we show that system-optimal tolling scenarios favor average users, but that government¿and consequently taxpayers¿would pay for costly tolling systems. In contrast, unlimited profit-maximizing tolls raise substantial profits for government, for the infrastructure's citizen-owners, and for the private sector, but the average user is worse off. From a social welfare perspective, one should search for a Pareto-improvement under which all major stakeholders are better off. Our estimates indicate that a mixed private and public tolling scheme offers such an improvement. A mixed scheme results in the highest social welfare among all scenarios unless the weight placed on motorists' (i.e., transportation users') welfare is very low or the weight placed on residents' welfare is very high relative to the weight of other stakeholders.
We analyze the determinants of prices and frequencies in the interurban bus services (IBS) market. Drawing on data collected from a sample of routes in six large European countries, we find that ...intramodal competition is based on frequencies while intermodal competition is based on prices. Furthermore, we provide evidence of the regressive nature of the IBS in Europe by showing that routes with low-income endpoints face higher prices. We also find significant price differences between countries, which can be attributed to differences in their respective regulatory systems.
In automobile insurance, it is useful to achieve
a priori ratemaking by resorting to generalized linear models, and here the Poisson regression model constitutes the most widely accepted basis. ...However, insurance companies distinguish between claims with or without bodily injuries, or claims with full or partial liability of the insured driver. This paper examines an
a priori ratemaking procedure when including two different types of claim. When assuming independence between claim types, the premium can be obtained by summing the premiums for each type of guarantee and is dependent on the rating factors chosen. If the independence assumption is relaxed, then it is unclear as to how the tariff system might be affected. In order to answer this question, bivariate Poisson regression models, suitable for paired count data exhibiting correlation, are introduced. It is shown that the usual independence assumption is unrealistic here. These models are applied to an automobile insurance claims database containing 80,994 contracts belonging to a Spanish insurance company. Finally, the consequences for pure and loaded premiums when the independence assumption is relaxed by using a bivariate Poisson regression model are analysed.
World trade is governed by the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO sets rules of conduct for the international ...trade of goods and services and for intellectual property rights, provides a forum for multinational negotiations to resolve trade problems, and has a formal mechanism for dispute settlement. It is the primary institution working, through rule-based bargaining, at freeing trade. In this book, Kyle Bagwell and Robert Staiger provide an economic analysis and justification for the purpose and design of the GATT/WTO. They summarize their own research, discuss the major features of the GATT agreement, and survey the literature on trade agreements. Their focus on the terms-of-trade externality is particularly original and ties the book together. Topics include the theory of trade agreements, the origin and design of the GATT and the WTO, the principles of reciprocity, the most favored nation principle, terms-of-trade theory, enforcement, preferential trade agreements, labor and environmental standards, competition policy, and agricultural export subsidies.
O sistema de pagamento de pedágio, tarifa arrecada pelo tráfego em rodovias, é uma forma de manter e ampliar os trechos, deixando-os em boas condições de trafegabilidade e segurança. Em busca de um ...modo mais justo de pagamento, o pedágio eletrônico automatizado pode fazer com que todos os usuários paguem apenas pelo trecho percorrido. Sendo assim, este trabalho aborda a cobrança de pedágio por quilômetro, utilizando o sistema de free-flow, onde o usuário paga pelo valor real utilizado através de um sistema automático, com a instalação de pórticos automatizados nas entradas e saídas da via. A rodovia escolhida foi a BR 116 – Trecho Rio de Janeiro –São Paulo, conhecida como Rodovia Presidente Dutra, a qual interliga os estados, com dimensão total de 402 quilômetros concessionados. De acordo com o apresentado ao longo do artigo, o valor atualmente cobrado na praça de pedágio corresponde a R$ 15,20 reais, o qual sofreria um decréscimo de, aproximadamente, 37%, alterando-se para R$ 9,49 reais. Assim, com a inclusão do free-flow no segmento controlado de 10 quilômetros na mesma rodovia escolhida, o usuário de longa distância estaria economizando R$ 5,71 reais ou até 4,15% do salário mínimo.
O consumo racional da energia elétrica se constitui em uma temática atual e necessária, presente na Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Consideram a relevância do tema apresentamos uma proposta ...inovadora, desenvolvida no mês de outubro de 2019, em uma Escola de Ensino Fundamental da rede pública estadual de Uruguaina/RS, em uma turma de 9° ano, onde os estudantes foram motivados a estimar o consumo mensal, de energia elétrica do ambiente familiar através de cálculos e estabelecer um comparativo entre, os valores correspondentes a esse consumo utilizando a tarifa convenciona e a tarifa branca. Através da prática os estudantes além de estimar e comparar, refletiram sobre o consumo consciente da energia elétrica e a possibilidade de mudar alguns hábitos.
Contabilidade Societária vs. Regulatória Bianca França Rocha Lamounier; Mariana Guerra; José Lúcio Tozetti Fernandes ...
Revista Catarinense da Ciência Contábil,
05/2022, Volume:
21
Journal Article
Open access
Com a situação crítica de escassez hídrica que assolou o Distrito Federal nos anos de 2016 a 2017, a agência reguladora local – a ADASA– editou normativos autorizando e disciplinando a cobrança da ...tarifa de contingência para serviços de abastecimento de água da região oferecidos pela CAESB. Contudo, estes normativos geraram conflitos de orientações técnicas e práticas quanto aos aspectos regulatórios e contábeis. Neste contexto, o presente caso de ensino propõe a análise das normas regulatórias e societárias sobre os recursos arrecadados com esta tarifa, e o tratamento destes recursos à luz da Teoria da Contabilidade e dos Pronunciamentos Técnicos Contábeis emitidos pelo CPC. Construído a partir das demonstrações financeiras da CAESB, juntamente com documentos publicados pela concessionária e pela reguladora, aponta-se que a empresa cumpre o estabelecido pela reguladora, mas pratica operações adicionais que não são esclarecidas em notas explicativas. Pretende-se com este caso discutir o reconhecimento da tarifa de contingência como outras receitas. Ao considerar que a regulamentação restringe o acesso e a forma de uso dos recursos advindos desta tarifa, o reconhecimento como uma provisão proporcionaria preservação da saúde econômico-financeira da concessionária. Nesse caso de ensino, portanto, destaca-se que as práticas contábeis referentes à tarifa de contingência podem não ser aderentes aos pronunciamentos contábeis vigentes e à teoria da contabilidade, oportunizando a discussão e a aplicação de conceitos-chaves de contabilidade para estudantes dos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação da área.
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