The figure of Viktor Ivanovich Nesmelov, a Kazan based theologian, is of a special importance among the variety of Russian theological movements. His anthropological views take stem from an intention ...to reconcile a traditional view for the Christian Orthodox theology — a biblical narrative of the creation of man, as well as the patristic anthropological teaching with psychological, philosophical data and the data of natural sciences contemporary with Nesmelov’s active years. That intention was gradually unfolding into an original theological and philosophical teaching, which was based on the category of person. However, in spite of the authenticity of the author’s anthropological ideas, some views of another philosophical movement show themselves in particular moments of V. I. Nesmelov’s teaching. By the time of V. I. Nesmelov’s active years that movement had already been grounded in Russian thought and had formed, albeit somewhat incoherent, a very traceable intellectual tradition. It was the ideas of Neo-Leibnizianism movement representatives. The latter had Leibniz’s Monadology as their ideological source, although, ideological diversity, in general, was their peculiarity. Another characteristic of that movement was the personalistic emphasis in their ideas, which in some cases was of a key role. Some researchers note that Neo-Leibnizianists in most cases tended to disassociate themselves from the abovementioned tradition. This to some extent unites the former with V. I. Nesmelov, taking both him and Neo-Leibnizianists from the frames of a fixed intellectual tradition into a field of diversity and originality of their teachings. In this article an effort is taken to express the personalistic teaching of V. I. Nesmelov as well as to compare his ideas with the views of some representatives of Neo-Leibnizianism. The ideological vagueness of the latter movement gives some space to undertake such comparison, which is localized, in this case, in the particular moments of V. I. Nesmelov’s teaching. An effort is taken as well to define the author’s ideas, taking into account his personal methodological emphasis.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the origins of the hotel industry dedicated to tourism in the city of Barcelona, one of the most important tourist centres in the western Mediterranean. From the ...1888 Universal Exposition to the 1929 International Exposition, and even later, we find several initiatives to set in motion an incipient tourist system which was truncated by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936. In this system, we will here focus on the hotel industry based on the fact that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of hotel establishments were not focused on tourism. It was only with the tourist development experienced by Barcelona during these decades that one can also speak of the birth of one of the most important tourism hotel offerings, both in Spain and Western Europe.
•Novel analysis of the hotel industry in Barcelona with sources which have been little used until now.•Creation of a tourism hotel industry in Barcelona at the beginning of the twentieth century.•The 1888 and 1929 universal Exhibitions contributed significantly to the development of tourism and Barcelona was a good example.•An incipient tourism system was formed in Barcelona during these years.
With the beginning of the oil era in the world, Galicia with its oil fields got a chance to take part in the processes of globalization, and foreign capital along with technological innovations ...flowed into this previously unknown region. And many new jobs appeared in the oil industry for those Galician peasants who wanted to change their lives. However, even during the biggest oil boom at the beginning of the 20th century, the economy of Galicia could not go beyond the closed circle of the resource raw material model. One of the first oil entrepreneurs was Ignatius Lukasevich, who invented a way to obtain kerosene from oil, which was used for lighting. And one of the most famous oil tycoons was Stanislav Shchepanovskyi, the author of books on the economy of Galicia. His enterprises were located in Sloboda Rungurska, which became one of the main centers of oil production along with Drohobych and Boryslav. Moisei Hartenberg from Drohobych became another oil tycoon. Galician Ukrainians were not leaders in the oil business, they owned about 10 % of the deposits, and the rest were transferred to foreigners after the beginning of the oil boom. In general, during the oil boom, more than three hundred joint-stock companies related to this industry were founded in Galicia. Most of these were small-scale, and 15 major companies accounted for three-quarters of all oil production. Large companies were created by foreign investors. After all, the profit from investments reached at the end of the 19th century 10–12 % (in Western Europe it did not exceed 3–4 % at the time) due to low wages, as well as intensive development of deposits to obtain maximum income in a short time. The maximum level of oil production was reached in 1909 – but only 5,2 % of the world (in the USA at that time – 63 %). In general, the oil reserves in Galicia were not very large, and after the First World War, when most of the oil wells were destroyed, they were no longer restored.
Objective/context: This article explores different dimensions of the incorporation of sewing machines into the world of garment production in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. First, it situates ...their appearance within the framework of a set of novelties that marked urban life at that time. Secondly, it shows the modifications in the work experiences of men and women who were engaged in garment sewing jobs. Thirdly, it observes the initiative carried out by the Sociedad de Beneficencia, a state welfare institution led by women of the Buenos Aires elite, in the purchase and delivery of sewing machines to working women in the city at the end of the 1860s. Methodology: Applying the tools of social history from a gender perspective, an extensive corpus of documents is analyzed: comercial ads and yearbooks, statistical records, files from the documentary collection of the Sociedad de Beneficencia and population censuses. Originality: In addition to presenting the first historical reconstruction of the introduction of the sewing machine in the country, this article is a contribution to reflecting on how gender hierarchies influenced the division of labor in the industrialization of clothing manufacturing and the way in which technology reinforced this differential distribution of tasks in the city of Buenos Aires. In turn, inquiring into this process illuminates the peculiarities of the local experience; in particular, the innovative modalities of acquiring sewing machines on credit in the late 1860s and early 1870s. Conclusions: The presence of the sewing machine inaugurated new skills, remunerations, and labor arrangements. Following the journeys of some of the seamstresses who acquired them illuminates experiences of life, work and family in Buenos Aires during the second half of the nineteenth century.
Objetivo/contexto: Este artículo explora diferentes dimensiones de la incorporación de máquinas de coser al mundo del trabajo de la confección en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. En primer ...lugar, sitúa su aparición en el marco de un conjunto de novedades que signaron la vida urbana en ese momento. En segundo lugar, muestra las modificaciones de las experiencias laborales de hombres y mujeres que se ocuparon en los trabajos de costura de ropa. En tercer lugar, observa la iniciativa llevada a cabo por la Sociedad de Beneficencia, institución asistencial estatal liderada por mujeres de la élite porteña, en la compra y entrega de máquinas de coser a mujeres trabajadoras de la ciudad a finales de la década de 1860. Metodología: Con las herramientas de la historia social en perspectiva de género, es analizado un corpus documental extenso: avisos clasificados, anuarios comerciales, registros estadísticos, expedientes del fondo documental de la Sociedad de Beneficencia y censos de población. Originalidad: Además de presentar la primera reconstrucción histórica sobre la introducción de la máquina de coser en el país, este artículo constituye un aporte para reflexionar acerca de cómo las jerarquías de género incidieron en la división del trabajo en la industrialización de la confección de indumentaria y el modo en el que la tecnología reforzó ese reparto diferencial de tareas en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. A su vez, indagar en este proceso ilumina las peculiaridades de la experiencia local; en particular, las innovadoras modalidades de adquisición a crédito de máquinas de coser a finales de la década de 1860 y comienzos de 1870. Conclusiones: La presencia de la máquina de coser inauguró nuevas habilidades, remuneraciones y arreglos laborales. Acompañar los recorridos de algunas de las costureras que la adquirieron ilumina experiencias de vida, trabajo y familia en Buenos Aires durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.
The reform of elementary education, which was implemented by Ban Ivan Mažuranić, was one of the most important reforms in the second half of the 19th century. Together with Ban Ivan Mažuranić, Ivan ...Filipović was one of the key people who prepared and implemented the school reform. In this paper I will show how Ivan Filipović, and his colleagues contributed to implementation of the school reform which started in 1870’s and enabled development of the modern education system in Croatia.
At the end of the 18th century, the publication of Montesquieu’s works remained either a controversial issue (see the anonymous “remarques” of Luzac in 1759 and Didot, 1795, who purported to be ...inspired by Helvetius) or a hagiographic one, such as the Plassan edition (1796-1797). In the 19th century a new approach was developed, with both commercial and intellectual benefits. It consisted in compiling critical notes from various commentators. As Montesquieu returned to favour after the “Restauration”, this type of critical apparatus allowed for debating his work as well as for publishers to stand out from the competition. Laboulaye’s Œuvres complètes (1875-1879) represents a major break. He tried to reconcile his political views as a supporter of the Constitutional Monarchy with his desire to introduce his readers to Montesquieu’s thought, rather than to carry out superficial criticism. Under these conditions only, could Montesquieu’s works be considered philosophical.
Claude Buffier’s Traité des premières vérités (1724) was published twice in the 19th century. The first was a Catholic edition (1822) emphasising the continuity between the Jesuit philosophy of ...common sense and Félicité de Lamennais’ principle of authority. Conversely, the other edition, of the Cousinian school (1843), stressed the debt of the Scottish school of Common Sense to Buffier’s work. Both editions sought to dissociate Buffier from the philosophy to which he perhaps felt the closest, but which in many ways prefigured all the excesses (sensualism, materialism, atheism) of the 18th century against which Catholics and Cousinians fought: that of Locke. Because of their shortcomings, these two editions do not tell us much about the Traité des premières vérités, but they do tell us a lot about the ideological struggles of the 19th century.
