In 1817, in the preface to his Rein analytischer Beweis, Bernard Bolzano revealed that he had decided to postpone the publication of any subsequent instalment of his Beyträge zu einer begründeteren ...Darstellung der Mathematik because of the few and 'superficial' reviews of its first instalment, published in 1810. Bolzano's transcriptions of the only two known reviews of this book are conserved at the Literární archiv Památníku národního písemnictví / Muzea literatury, in Prague, together with another manuscript on his Beyträge, the provenance of which was unknown to Bolzano's scholars until recently. In this paper it is shown that this latter manuscript is a draft of an announcement that was published at the time and that was indeed written at least to some extent by Bolzano himself. This hitherto unknown announcement of Bolzano's Beyträge not only solves the mystery surrounding that manuscript, but also helps to date the publication of this book more precisely and provides an unusual insight into what we must take Bolzano himself to have considered most noteworthy about his work, namely his study on logic. The paper includes a transcription of the manuscript and an English translation of the announcement.
This study aims to find Chinese-style buildings and architectural factors manifested in those buildings by paying attention to Chinese-style buildings centered on buildings used in the palaces and ...royal family houses in Joseon Korea during the 19th century. Although the influences of Qing on the late Joseon Dynasty have been researched in history studies, anthropology, and literature, research in architecture is greatly lacking. However, in the late Joseon Dynasty, changes in the recognition of the culture of Qing China resulted in demonstrable influences of the architecture of the Qing on the features of some buildings, such as the use of Chinese-style bricks, Gyeongsan Jibung, Gwonbung Jibung, Jeonchug Bagpung, Wonchang, Siheyuan, and Yeongjocheok. Those Chinese-style elements, however, appeared only in particular Joseon buildings, such as the palaces and houses of aristocratic class who maintained contacts with the Qing. This research was performed through field research of Korean and Chinese buildings related to the diverse literature review and primary historical materials. The absorption of foreign styles, especially the Chinese style, in architecture in the late Joseon Dynasty is presumed to have alleviated the cultural shock that occurred in the process of accommodating western architecture after the country was opened.
The article is devoted to the problems of staffing provincial penitentiary institutions in the first half of the 19th century. The study was based on the legislation that established the procedure ...for assigning to the positions and the data on the condition of penitentiary institutions in Northern European Russia. The results obtained led to the conclusion that the staffing problems were solved as the penitentiary system developed and were directly dependent on the condition of the places of detention. In the first quarter of the 19th century, when the formation of the network of penal and correctional institutions was a costly and lengthy process involving the construction of buildings for them, prison superintendents were appointed only as an exception; formally, the prisoners were under the custody of the mayors, but in reality they were under the supervision of the sentries from the internal guard. The legislation of the second quarter of the 19th century paid attention to the legal status of superintendents and warders, their powers, duties, and conditions of service for the first time, gradually elaborating the requirements for candidates for these positions. Preference was given to the retired military men: to the officials holding a rank, for the vacancies of superintendents; to lower ranks from the internal guard who had retired because of wounds, for the vacancies of warders. Although from the end of the 1830s the posts of superintendents were filled on a regular basis, not every prison castle had a full complement of employees. Throughout the period under study, prison employees were not included in the staffing tables of local institutions and were regulated individually on the initiative from below. In these conditions, in its reports, the governorate administration proceeded from the needs and current tasks, without seeking to inflate the prison staff and thereby increase the tax burden on the population, since the costs of maintaining penitentiary institutions, including salaries for employees, were covered by town communities and in the event of lack of funds, by general zemstvo dues. In the 1840s, staffing issues were overshadowed by a more significant problem: in many towns, the old wooden prisons had to be replaced with new stone buildings that would correspond to the “model” project designs and requirements for the maintenance of prisoners.
In 1806, the prefect of the Haut-Rhin asked the architect of the city of Strasbourg Pierre Valentin Boudhors to draw up plans for the transformation of the beggars' home in the central prison in ...Ensisheim. The architect fully overhauled the existing building which was intended to gather the convicts from several departments. Trained in Paris, especially in the architect’s office of Chalgrin, he followed the path of the architects of the Revolution, who were considering architecture as a moralising act. The building participated in the education of the citizen and had to show its ethical efficiency: the prison had no other justification than bringing back the convicts into society. Nevertheless, this pedagogy had to be reflected in the development of buildings taking into account the hygiene and moralisation of the place. The architect explained his project in his Preliminary Speech. He carried out a “self-explaining architecture” (“architecture parlante”) while mixing the ancient, medieval and Italian Renaissance architectural elements. Actually, all his drawings were mainly inspired by the Arc-et-Senans saltworks built by Claude Nicolas Ledoux. From the existing buildings, he drew a central axis that symmetrically split the new buildings and organised a succession of yards dedicated to each type of prisoner. Thus, he has designed an architectural complex mixing expression and moralisation.
Die christliche Mission war in mehrfacher Hinsicht ein geschlechterspezifisches Unternehmen, in dem Frauen und Männern klar definierte Rollen und Räume zugewiesen waren. Doch das fest umrissene ...Geschlechterbild stieß in der Praxis an Grenzen. So forderte die Bevölkerung in Namibia und Sumatra die Vorstellungen heraus und erzwang Veränderungen. Anhand ausgewählter Beispiele entfaltet Dorothee Rempfer die Dynamiken von Aneignung und Ablehnung religiös fundierter Geschlechterverhältnisse. Damit liefert sie wichtige Erkenntnisse zu Handlungsspielräumen und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten europäischer und nichteuropäischer Akteur*innen im Kontext von Gender und Kolonialismus.
Die Feststellung des Todes war lange Zeit keine eindeutige Angelegenheit. Als eine Folge breitete sich seit der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts die Angst vor dem Lebendig-begraben-Werden scheintoter ...Menschen in Europa aus. Die neue Institution der Leichenhäuser sollte die Unterscheidung zwischen Leben und Tod gewährleisten. Nina Kreibig arbeitet beginnend mit dem ersten Leichenhaus von 1794 bis zur Reichsgründung 1871 die Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte der Berliner Einrichtungen systematisch auf und analysiert ihren Umgang mit und die Bewertung von Verstorbenen.
PDF
