Various studies have found positive and negative associations of Machiavellianism with job performance, and the meta-analytic relationship between the two is weak. We sought to resolve these ...inconsistencies by comprehensively testing Socioanalytic theory, which suggests that social skill (i.e., political skill) and reputation are integral to how personality (i.e., Machiavellianism) is expressed in behavior evaluated by others (i.e., job performance). Moreover, the newly developed Five-Factor Machiavellianism scale also assisted in this clarification, because it properly characterizes Machiavellianism as strategic and shrewd, as opposed to prior measures that portrayed it as impulsive and lacking ambition. In the present study, targets (N = 550) provided self-rated Machiavellianism and coworkers (N = 1127) rated target political skill, reputation, and job performance. Our results demonstrated that, (only) when lacking political skill, individuals high on Machiavellianism developed poorer reputations with coworkers that result in reduced job performance assessments. Whereas, those high on political skill did not suffer such negative work consequences from their Machiavellianism, suggesting that political skill can function as a protective factor for dark personalities. The findings provide insight into the Machiavellianism – job performance relationship, and they indicate various directions for future research.
•We study Five-Factor Machiavellianism (FFM) and job performance.•We test full Socioanalytic theory of personality in a multi-source design.•We use political skill (PS) as moderator of the personality-performance relationship.•We use reputation as mediator of the personality-performance relationship.•At low PS, FFM negatively predicts job performance mediated by reputation.
Reactions to stimuli vary from person to person. The same stimulus has different effects depending on the perception of different people and the physical and mental states they are in. Considering ...this difference, situations can be seen in which a person perceives a specific stimulus or group of stimuli as negative and disturbing for themselves. In particular, people with high levels of sensory processing sensitivity feel the negative effects of stimuli more intensely both in terms of their internal processes (hunger, pain, sadness, stress, etc.) and the situation of the physical environment (loud noise, bright light, pungent odor, etc.) which they are in. On the other hand, the existence of situations where sensory processing sensitivity has a positive effect is also noticeable. In this context, the relationship between sensory processing sensitivity and personality traits is examined. The concept of personality is explained in different ways by many different theorists in the international literature. In order to avoid confusion that may arise in the definition and understanding of personality traits, in this review study, personality traits are examined on the basis of the Five Factor Personality Theory. Within the framework of the personality definition of the Five Factor Personality Theory, The relationship between five basic personality traits and sensory processing sensitivity is examined by also considering the subdimensions of each five personality traits.
Purpose Guided by the cognitive-affective system theory of personality (CAPS), this study aims to investigate the parallel mediating effects of cognitive and affective cynicism on the relationship ...between illegitimate tasks and employees’ adaptive performance. It also proposes growth need strength as a moderating variable for relationships between illegitimate tasks and employees’ adaptive performance. Design/methodology/approach Using a time-lagged design, data were gathered from 330 frontline hotel employees in China. Findings The authors found that the presence of illegitimate tasks is negatively associated with employees’ adaptive performance, this relationship being mediated by cognitive and affective cynicism. Growth need strength weakens the negative impacts of cognitive and affective cynicism on employees’ adaptive performance. In addition, the indirect effect of illegitimate tasks on employees’ adaptive performance via cognitive and affective cynicism is stronger for employees with lower levels of growth need strength. Practical implications Hotel managers must heed the negative impact of illegitimate tasks. Furthermore, they should underscore the importance of promoting a harmonious and positive organizational culture and atmosphere. Naturally, hotel managers must also establish effective communication with employees, assisting them in fostering a desire for excellence in their work. Originality/value This study provides valuable insights for the hospitality industry by investigating how illegitimate tasks hold sway over hotel employees’ adaptive performance. The study uses a moderated dual-path model to uncover the mechanisms behind this impact and the influence of boundary conditions, thereby expanding the understanding of the topic.
In recent years, the question of what is best for trans individuals has been hotly debated. This paper takes Rogers' Theory of Personality and explores it alongside the experiences of trans ...individuals so as to add a Person-Centered perspective to the discourse. It is grounded in an understanding of the distress of not being oneself and explores in detail the barriers trans individuals can face on their journey to authenticity. Many of these barriers are societal attitudes that become internalized as conditions of worth. The most potent remedy to such conditions are the same for trans people as the rest of humanity: unconditional prizing, freedom to move in any direction and a trust in an individual as the expert in themselves. While many of us may apply these Rogerian attitudes to all our clients, there is no harm and great benefit to be found in explicitly reviewing them with regard to trans experiences. This paper reaffirms the great benefit of the person-centered approach in freeing us all to be more ourselves and reminds us of our responsibility to shape a society where everyone is afforded the greatest opportunity to live without conditionality or discrimination.
Existing leadership research has presented conflicting views on the effects of leader anger expressions. The present research aims to reconcile these findings by proposing that the type of inferences ...followers make (i.e., motivation-focused inference or trait-focused inference) is a key factor determining the outcomes of leader anger expressions. Through one survey study (Study 1) and two experimental studies (Studies 2 and 3), the present research indicates that the effectiveness of leader anger expressions is associated with the type of inferences followers draw from the anger. In general, we found support for the negative relationship between trait-focused inferences and leader effectiveness, but were unable to properly test the positive relationship between motivation-focused inferences and leader effectiveness due to the lack of appropriate instrumental variables. We also investigated whether followers' implicit theories of personality (i.e., entity versus incremental theory) would moderate the effect of leader anger expressions on the type of inferences made by followers, which in turn shapes leader effectiveness. The results of Study 3 provide evidence of the moderating role of implicit theories of personality. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of the present research are discussed.
For decades, the dominant paradigm in trait anxiety research has regarded the construct as signifying the underlying cause of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that supposedly reflect its ...presence. Recently, a network theory of personality has appeared. According to this perspective, trait anxiety is a formative construct emerging from interactions among its constitutive features (e.g., thought, feelings, behaviors); it is not a latent cause of these features.
In this study, we characterized trait anxiety as a network system of interacting elements.
To do so, we estimated a graphical gaussian model via the computation of a regularized partial correlation network in an unselected sample (N = 611). We also implemented modularity-based community detection analysis to test whether the features of trait anxiety cohere as a single network system.
We find that trait anxiety can indeed be conceptualized as a single, coherent network system of interacting elements.
This radically new approach to visualizing trait anxiety may offer an especially informative view of the interplay between its constitutive features. As prior research has implicated trait anxiety as a risk factor for the development of anxiety-related psychopathology, our findings also set the scene for novel research directions.
The aim of this study is to examine the burnout levels of parents during the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of personality traits, perfectionism, and demographic variables. Data were derived ...from Personal Information Form, International Personality Inventory Short Version, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale-Short Form, and Parent Burnout Assessment. In total, 584 parents (333 mothers, 251 fathers, Mage = 39.93; SD = 6.33) living in Türkiye during COVID-19 lockdown participated in the survey. Results showed that the level of parent burnout differs according to the parent's gender, the child's age, the time spent with the child, the perception of the emotional relationship with the spouse, and the work form during the pandemic. Personality differences in parent burnout were explored according to the Five Factor Theory of Personality. A high level of neuroticism, a high level of introversion, and a low level of conscientiousness were found to be risk factors for parent burnout. Results indicated that parent burnout is also positively related to perfectionism, in particular self-critical perfectionism, and does not differ according to parents' COVID-19 experiences. This study provides some useful information and guidelines for mental health professionals in preventive and therapeutic practices for parent burnout that may have negative effects on parents, children, and families. It is also a rare study that included the representation of fathers in the context of parent burnout.
Our aim is to explicate a multi-level super meta-theory of personality which incorporates many of the ideas from previous meta-theories. To do this, we understand personality traits as comprising ...neuronal substrates and mental representations. Using a multi-level meta-theory, we explore the link between neuronal substrates of personality, mental representations and reproductive success. We argue that the function of neuronal substrates of personality is to facilitate reproductive success, whereas the relationship between mental representations and reproductive success is different at different levels. Our super multi-level meta-theory of personality provides an over-arching umbrella for existing meta-theories, articulates how different levels of thinking need to be integrated to better understand personality architecture, and helps explain why some human cognitions, emotions, motivations and behaviors are not always associated with reproductive success.
This study examines two indicators of developmental level (testosterone and grade) as moderators of the effects of a single-session incremental theory of personality intervention on both traditional ...and online aggressive behaviors. A sample of 535 Spanish adolescents (boys: 50%; age: 12–17 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to receive the incremental theory of personality intervention or an alternative educational control condition. The intervention consisted of teaching the belief that people can change. Aggressive behaviors were measured at baseline, one-week posttest, and six-month and twelve-month follow-ups. Testosterone level moderated the effectiveness of the intervention for online aggressive behavior so that, among adolescents with low and medium testosterone levels, those in the control group increased online aggressive behavior, whereas adolescents receiving the intervention remained at similar levels of perpetration. Grade moderated the effectiveness of the intervention on both forms of aggressive behavior, being only effective in Grade 8. Overall, the findings indicate that some preventative interventions can be more effective among adolescents with lower levels of development.
We propose a theoretical process model of the social construction of leadership that sheds light on the relationship between conscientiousness and leadership emergence. The socioanalytic theory of ...personality is invoked to hypothesize different mediational paths linking the two facets of conscientiousness, achievement striving and duty, with leadership emergence. We tested the theoretical model with data from 249 employees matched with data from 40 of their coworkers and 40 supervisors employed in a Fortune 500 organization. Results indicate that the relationship between achievement striving and leadership emergence is partially mediated by competitiveness, providing support for a getting-ahead path to leadership. In contrast, the relationship between duty and leadership emergence is, in part, carried forward by trust, helping role perceptions, and helping behavior, supporting a getting-along path to leadership. Consistent with the self versus other distinction theoretically posited with regard to the facets of conscientiousness, although helping behavior is a predictor of leadership emergence, achievement strivers help only when they perceive helping as being an in-role requirement, whereas dutiful individuals enlarge their helping role perceptions.
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