Resumen: Se suele admitir que las diferentes concepciones del liberalismo se distribuyen a través de un arco en cuyos polos se ubican la tolerancia y la autonomía. En el presente trabajo examinaremos ...dos teorías que se ubican en los extremos opuestos de ese arco, la de Kukathas y la de Kymlicka, con el objeto de indagar en sus respectivas utopías. Sostendremos que de la primera, “teoría liberal de la tolerancia”, se sigue no una utopía, sino más bien una distopía libertaria. Sostendremos que la segunda, “la teoría liberal del multiculturalismo”, puede entenderse como una utopía en el sentido usual del término, es decir, como un proyecto político imposible o impracticable. Del análisis y comparación de ambas utopías concluiremos que el liberalismo, en sus distintas versiones, puede ser comprendido como una utopía sui generis, en la medida en que espera poder alojar y mediar entre comunidades que son incompatibles entre sí o incompatibles con el marco general del liberalismo. Por esta misma razón, sostendremos que el liberalismo es además una utopía en sentido de aspirar a un imposible: que todas las comunidades renuncien a sus pretensiones de modelar el Estado y el conjunto de la sociedad según sus propias concepciones del bien.
Abstract: It is often admitted that the different conceptions of liberalism are distributed along an arch at whose opposite ends stand tolerance and autonomy. In this work, we shall examine two theories which encapsulate these two polar opposites, put forth by Kukathas and Kymlicka, in order to delve into their respective Utopias. We shall sustain that, with the former (the “liberal theory of tolerance”), what is pursued is not, in fact, a Utopia but rather a libertarian dystopia. We shall also sustain that, with the latter (the “liberal theory of multiculturalism”), it can be taken to mean a Utopia in the conventional sense of the word, i.e. a political project that is impossible to put into practice. Based on our analysis and comparison of these two Utopias, we conclude that the different versions of liberalism can be interpreted as a one-of-a-kind Utopia in that it aspires to embrace communities which are actually incompatible among themselves or incompatible with the general framework of liberalism, and act as arbitrator between them. For this very reason, we shall go one step further and sustain that liberalism is, in fact, a Utopia in the sense that it seeks the impossible: that all communities give up their goal to model the State and the whole of society according to their own conception of what is good.
This report describes the recent advances in the development of chiral vanadium complex-catalyzed oxidative couplings of phenols such as polycyclic phenols, hydroxycarbazoles, resorcinol, and sesamol ...derivatives. Catalysts containing a vanadium metal and multidentate ligand prepared from salicylaldehydes and chiral amino acids provide chemists with a powerful tool for the efficient synthesis of optically active, axially chiral compounds, which can be readily transformed into biologically active compounds and chiral ligands.
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•Recent advances in the development of chiral vanadium complex-catalyzed oxidative couplings of phenols.•Catalysts containing a vanadium metal and multidentate ligand prepared from salicylaldehydes and chiral amino acids.•Powerful tool for the efficient synthesis of optically active, axially chiral compounds.
Cadmium is a toxic element for living organisms. This metal causes different damages to the cell, generating oxidative stress. In order to elucidate cadmium tolerance mechanism and increase tomato ...plant tolerance by inoculating a Cd-tolerant Burkholderia strain, we analyzed malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide content, and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase of two strains, one isolated from a soil contaminated with Cd (strain SCMS54) and the other from a soil without Cd (strain SNMS32). Strains SNMS32 and SCMS54 exhibited different SOD, CAT, and GR isoenzyme profiles in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, with strain SCMS54 exhibiting an extra isoenzyme for all enzymes (Mn-SOD, CAT I, and GR IV, respectively). Despite accumulating more Cd, strain SCMS54 did not increase peroxide hydrogen and presented a fast antioxidant response (increasing SOD and CAT after 5 h of Cd exposure). In this way, strain SCMS54 exhibited a higher metabolic diversity and plasticity when compared to strain SNMS32, so it was selected for Cd–Burkholderia–tomato interaction studies. Inoculated tomato plants in the presence of Cd grew more than non-inoculated plants with Cd indicating that the SCMS54 increased tomato Cd tolerance. It appears that the strain isolated from Cd-contaminated soil (SCMS54) triggers a global stress response in tomato increasing plant tolerance, which may enable plants to be cultivated in Cd-contaminated soils.
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