is a pioneer species in the cannabis family (Cannabaceae) that is widely distributed in Thai community forests and forest edges. The mature leaves are predominantly used as an anti-parasite treatment ...and feed for local freshwater fish, inspiring investigation of their phytochemical composition and bioactivity. The purpose of this work was to investigate the bioactive compounds in
leaf extract and their cytotoxicity in the BF-2 fish cell line (ATCC CCL-91). Flash column chromatography was used to produce 25 mL fractions with a mixture solvent system comprised of hexane, diethyl ether, methanol, and acetone. All fractions were profiled with HPLC-DAD (mobile phase methanol:aqueous buffer, 60:40 v/v) and UV detection (wavelengths 256 and 365 nm). After drying, a yellowish powder was isolated from lipophilic leaf extract with a yield of 280 µg/g dry weight. Structure elucidation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated it to consist of pure β-sitosterol. The lipophilic extract and pure compound were evaluated for cytotoxicity using BF-2 cells. MTT assays showed both leaf extract and pure compound at 1 µg/mL to increase cell viability after 24 h treatment. The respective half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
) values of leaf extract and β-sitosterol were 7,027.13 and 86.42 µg/ml, indicating a lack of toxicity in the BF-2 cell line. Hence,
can serve as a source of non-toxic natural lipophilic compounds that can be useful as bioactive ingredients in supplement feed development.
Introduction The concept of trema refers to an initial phase in the psychotic process that is characterized by intense anguish, an experience of hostility and a feeling of imminent catastrophe. This ...situation engenders in the patient a sensation of being in a tunnel than can only lead to something terrible but ineffable. Objectives To illustrate the incipient phase of psychotic disorder though the presentation of a case. Methods A presentation of a clinical case. Results A 29-year-old man attends the emergency department due to anxiety of one moth of evolution, that had debuted after a stressful event in the patient’s life such as loss of employment. He suffered from intense morning-predominance anguish, depersonalization episodes, insomnia, hallucinosis, cognitive blocks that occasioned him great anxiety and apragmatic behaviors. Besides, he had language alteration and autolytic ideation with previous autolytic gestures. After evaluation, he was diagnosed with psychotic episode. He was hospitalized, and treatment with olanzapine and lorazepam was started. Conclusions With the exhibition of this case, we intended to point up the importance of a differential diagnosis with different disorders marked by anxiety as the main symptom. In our case, panic disorder should be taken in account as a differential diagnosis. Furthermore, as the evidence shows, the identification of prodromic phases in schizophrenia allows an early diagnosis and early intervention, improving the prognosis. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Trema
, a genus of the popularly known Cannabaceae, has recently been the subject of cannabinoid bioprospection.
T. micrantha
is a tree with pharmacological potential widely used in folk medicine. It ...has two types of glandular trichomes, bulbous and filiform, spread throughout the plant body. Considering the proximity of this species to
Cannabis sativa
and
Trema orientalis
, species containing cannabinoids, the glandular trichomes of
T. micrantha
are also expected to be related to the secretion of these compounds. Thus, this study aims to detail the morphology of secretory trichomes during the synthesis, storing and release of metabolites in
T. micrantha
. We tested the proposition that they could be a putative type of cannabinoid-secreting gland. Pistillate and staminate flowers and leaves were collected and processed for ontogenic, histochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Both types of glandular trichomes originate from a protodermal cell. They are putative cannabinoid-secreting sites because: (1) terpene-phenols and, more specifically, cannabinoids were detected in situ; (2) their secretory subcellular apparatus is consistent with that found in
C. sativa
: modified plastids, polyribosomes, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a moniliform smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Plastids and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are involved in the synthesis of terpenes, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum acts in the phenolic synthesis. These substances cross the plasma membrane by exocytosis and are released outside the trichome through cuticle pores. The study of the cell biology of the putative cannabinoid glands can promote the advancement of prospecting for natural products in plants.
We resolve three problems concerning the three entire-leaved species of Neotropical Trema. 1) Phylogenetic and morphological results showed that T. integerrima (Beurl.) Standl., T. domingensis Urb., ...and T. laxiflora Lundell are a single species; therefore, we combine them under a single name. 2) The date of publication gives priority to T. integerrima, as the basionym Sponia integerrima Beurl. was published in 1856. However, the type specimen, Billberg 308 (S), is not a species of Trema but Pouzolzia obliqua (Wedd.) Wedd. (Urticaceae); therefore, Sponia integerrima Beurl. is a new synonym of P. obliqua. The next available name for the entire-leaved species is T. domingensis, published in 1912. 3) The type of T. domingensis, Fuertes 312, is a mixed collection. Specimens of Fuertes 312 held at B, NY, U, and USD are T. domingensis, while those at P, G, US, and Z are Celtis trinervia Lam. We provide a historical review to understand how these problems arose and persisted unnoticed for decades.
Resolvimos tres problemas concernientes a las tres especies neotropicales de hojas enteras de Trema. 1) Los resultados filogenéticos y morfológicos mostraron que T. integerrima (Beurl.) Standl., T. domingensis Urb. y T. laxiflora Lundell son una sola especie; así que las combinamos a un solo nombre. 2) La fecha de publicación da prioridad a T. integerrima, ya que el basiónimo Sponia integerrima Beurl se publicó en 1856. Sin embargo, el espécimen tipo Billberg 308 (S) no es una especie de Trema sino Pouzolzia obliqua (Wedd.) Wedd. (Urticaceae); por lo tanto, Sponia integerrima Beurl. es un nuevo sinónimo de P. obliqua. El siguiente nombre disponible para esta especie era T. domingensis, publicado en 1912. 3) El tipo de T. domingensis era una colección mixta. Los especímenes de Fuertes 312 almacenados en B, NY, Y y USD son T. domingensis, mientras que los de P, G, US y Z son Celtis trinervia Lam. Proporcionamos una reseña histórica para comprender cómo surgieron estos problemas y persistieron desapercibidos durante décadas.
Malaria remains a major public health concern which affects millions of people, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The need for the development of alternate treatment means has become critical ...because of the emergence of resistance to nearly all antimalarial drugs (Kim and Schneider, 2013). Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae) is used locally for the treatment of malaria. This study was designed to determine the anti-plasmodial activity of the acetone extract of T. orientalis and carry out a bio-guided separation of the extract. Acetone extract of T. orientalis leaves was investigated for its antimalarial activity in a mouse model of Plasmodium berghei using the 4 day suppressive test. Bioguided investigation was carried out by using column chromatographic fractions for in-vivo antiplasmodial screening. Preliminary spectroscopic profile of the most active fraction was obtained. Treatment with graded doses (100 to 800 mg/Kg) of acetone extract of T. orientalis resulted in significant chemosuppression of parasite growth that ranged from 44.0 to 83.8%. The most active fraction which was identified as M6 showed significant schizontocidal activity (P < 0.001). super(1)H NMR and Infrared spectra data indicated that the most active fraction contained flavonoids. This study justified the folkloric use of T. orientalis. Compounds from this plant could be a potential source of antimalarial agents.
In this study,
Trema orientalis
was used as an example to explore chloroplast genome evolution and determine Cannabaceae’s phylogenetic relationship using phylogenetic analysis. Comparing six
Trema
...species chloroplast genomes shows that gene order, gene content, and length are highly conserved yet dynamically evolve among species. The whole
T. orientalis
chloroplast genome is 157,134 bp long with accession number OQ871457 and includes a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,493 bp separated by a small single-copy region of 19,320 bp and a large single-copy region of 86,822 bp. The total content of GC is 36.3%. The chloroplast genome was annotated to include 129 genes, 84 of which code for proteins, 37 for tRNA, and 8 for rRNA. Regarding, there are 127 SSRs were found, with the highest concentration in p1 (60), whose length varied from 10 to 16 bp; these areas could serve as foundational molecular markers for the
Trema
genus. The IRS repeats were found: 17 were forward repeats (F), 25 were palindromic repeats (P), and five were reverse repetitions (R).
T. orientalis
and
T. orientalis
(NC_039734.1), with 99% similarity, were found in the same group in a phylogenetic analysis of
Trema
species. IR scope expansion and contraction were also determined and compared with 17 related species in this family. It is the first report of the chloroplast genome of
T. orientalis
collected from Western Desert, Saudi Arabia, providing an important data reference for future investigations into genetic diversity and plant evolution. Such information based on the complete chloroplast genomes facilitates the evolution of species-specific molecular tools to discriminate
T. orientalis.
The inoculation of tree species with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) has emerged as an important strategy for the acclimation of seedlings by improving plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic ...stresses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with bacterial species (Azospirillum brasilense - Ab-V5, Bacillus sp., Azomonas sp. and Azorhizophillus sp.) on the growth and physiology of the Neotropical tree species Trema micrantha and Cariniana estrellensis under drought conditions. When associated with Ab-V5 and Azomonas sp., T. micrantha showed increased protein in the leaves, starch in the leaves and roots, photosynthesis, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and root and shoot dry mass. Moreover, there were reductions in hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, water potential and proline. In C. estrellensis associated with Ab-V5, higher values of photosynthesis and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were observed, in addition to higher starch content in the leaves and roots and higher protein content in the leaves; lower hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation contents were also observed. The associations of T. micrantha with Ab-V5 and Azomonas sp. and C. estrellensis with Ab-V5 favored the activation of metabolic processes under drought, leading to greater drought tolerance. This work demonstrates the effects of compatible associations of Neotropical tree and PGPB species and suggests that the identification of compatible PGPB strains can result in tree seedlings with increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as drought.
•The proline are much higher in non-pioneer than in pioneer specie.•The PGPB increased the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency.•Shoot dry mass did not differ in both species associated with PGPB under drought.•The PGPB association induced the reduction of oxidative stress in pioneer specie.•Protein content was higher in species under drought and inoculated with PGPB.
Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de proporções de salvínia na composição de substrato para a produção de mudas de grandiúva. As características químicas do substrato foram melhoradas à medida que a ...proporção aumentou, resultando em uma redução de Al e aumento de pH, CTC, saturação de bases, teores de K, Ca, Mg, P e matéria orgânica. O crescimento das mudas de grandiúva foi influenciado pelos níveis de fertilidade do substrato. As maiores alturas de planta, diâmetros de caule, massa seca e acúmulo de macronutrientes foram verificadas nos tratamentos com 75% e 100% de composto orgânico.
Nitrogen-fixing nodules occur in ten related taxonomic lineages interspersed with lineages of non-nodulating plant species. Nodules result from an endosymbiosis between plants and diazotrophic ...bacteria; rhizobia in the case of legumes and Parasponia and Frankia in the case of actinorhizal species. Nodulating plants share a conserved set of symbiosis genes, whereas related non-nodulating sister species show pseudogenization of several key nodulation-specific genes. Signalling and cellular mechanisms critical for nodulation have been co-opted from the more ancient plant-fungal arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis. Studies in legumes and actinorhizal plants uncovered a key component in symbiotic signalling, the LRR-type SYMBIOSIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SYMRK). SYMRK is essential for nodulation and arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis. To our surprise, however, despite its arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis capacities, we observed a seemingly critical mutation in a donor splice site in the SYMRK gene of Trema orientalis, the non-nodulating sister species of Parasponia. This led us to investigate the symbiotic functioning of SYMRK in the Trema-Parasponia lineage and to address the question of to what extent a single nucleotide polymorphism in a donor splice site affects the symbiotic functioning of SYMRK. We show that SYMRK is essential for nodulation and endomycorrhization in Parasponia andersonii. Subsequently, it is revealed that the 5'-intron donor splice site of SYMRK intron 12 is variable and, in most dicotyledon species, doesn't contain the canonical dinucleotide 'GT' signature but the much less common motif 'GC'. Strikingly, in T. orientalis, this motif is converted into a rare non-canonical 5'-intron donor splice site 'GA'. This SYMRK allele, however, is fully functional and spreads in the T. orientalis population of Malaysian Borneo. A further investigation into the occurrence of the non-canonical GA-AG splice sites confirmed that these are extremely rare. SYMRK functioning is highly conserved in legumes, actinorhizal plants, and Parasponia. The gene possesses a non-common 5'-intron GC donor splice site in intron 12, which is converted into a GA in T. orientalis accessions of Malaysian Borneo. The discovery of this functional GA-AG splice site in SYMRK highlights a gap in our understanding of splice donor sites.
Key message
The leaf and bark extract of
Trema orientalis
has antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Its bark contains considerable amount of tannin and showed potential for leather tanning. The ...wood of this species is an excellent source of pulp production.
Trema orientalis
L. is a fast growing tree in tropic and sub-tropic regions whose leaf, bark and root extract has traditionally been used in therapeutic purposes in different parts of the world. Along with having antioxidant and antibacterial activities within the different plant tissue extracts, it also contains 22% tannin material that is suitable for leather tanning as well as biobased resin preparation. Wood from
T. orientalis
had good amount of α-cellulose (45–50%) and moderate amount of lignin (20–25%) leading to much research on
T. orientalis
pulping, where pulp yield in the kraft and soda-anthranquinone pulping processes was about 50% with kappa number around 18-25 that made it comparable to tropical hardwood pulp. Dissolving grade pulp with high purity could also be produced from this species which makes it a good alternative for pulpwood production in tropical countries. This review addresses the potential of complete utilization of the
T. orientalis
plant in biobased product development.
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