Synthetic leather dyes are chromatic agents specially formulated to impart color to leather substrates through dyeing. The current study involves the extraction of natural dye from the stem bark of ...Trema orientalis (L.) at different temperatures using water (with or without the addition of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide as additives). The optimal extraction was achieved at 80 °C without additives. Concentrating the extract using a rotary evaporator followed by freeze-drying resulted in a yield of 12.14%. The efficacy of the extracted dye was assessed by measuring the phenolic content, viscosity, and particle size. The highest value of total phenolic content of extract found, 266.13 mg GAE/g of dry extract, indicated the possibility of dyeing leather. The viscosity of the dye showed the temperature range of 51–54 ºC as optimum application criteria. The particle size of the dye exhibited a range spanning from 449 to 867 nanometers, indicating superb penetration ability through the leather pores. The antimicrobial efficacy was observed to be positive against a limited number of gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Final evaluation of the experimentally dyed sample against a control sample regarding relevant parameters viz. exhaustion, fastness, strength, SEM image indicated its potentiality as a colorant for leather industry.
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•Natural dye from locally available resource T. Orientalis (L.) plant.•Antimicrobial activity to resist resultant leather from microbes.•Comparable mechanical property of applied leather.•Friendly to the environment and no effluent treatment requirement.
This article reports the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by using the aqueous leaf extract of Trema orientalis (L). The ZnO NPs were synthesised by using zinc nitrate ...hexahydrate acts as the precursor and leaf extract acts as the reducing and capping agent. The synthesis of ZnO NPs was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the average crystalline size was calculated by Scherrer's formula (24 nm) and as well as Williamson-Hall (W-H) equation (26 nm). The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis showed the stability and particle size of approximately 65-67 nm of the synthesised ZnO NPs. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups in the synthesised NPs. The UV absorption wavelength is observed at 370 nm, and the calculated direct band gap was found to be 3.13 eV. The surface morphology, the crystalline shape of the synthesised ZnO NPs was determined by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
The effectiveness of the ZnO NPs on photocatalytic degradation of zoxamide, a benzamide class of fungicide was tested under UV irradiation (λ max ≥ 250 nm). The calculated half-lives of photodegradation of zoxamide in acetonitrile/water solvent system were found to be in the range of 4.09 − 10.46 h. Moreover, the effect of pH, the initial concentration of zoxamide and photocatalyst ZnO NPs dosage were investigated. The experimental kinetic data followed the pseudo-first-order model. The reaction rate constant (k
obs
) was decreased from 0.1695 to 0.1511 h
−1
with increasing initial zoxamide concentration from 120 to 260 mg/L, respectively. Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model was proposed for the rate equation of the zoxamide degradation in presence of ZnO NPs under UV irradiation.
Trema to jedno z najczęstszych zjawisk odczuwanych przed wystąpieniami publicznymi. Istotnym powodem pomiaru tremy jest jej negatywny wpływ na zdrowie i emisję głosu dzieci i młodzieży. W literaturze ...światowej istnieją teorie, które opisują zjawisko tremy i jej implikacje dla emisji głosu. Niestety, brakuje narzędzi do badania tremy przed występem, które byłyby przeznaczone dla dzieci i młodzieży oraz zawierałyby jednocześnie kontekst pracy głosem. Celem tego artykułu jest krótka charakterystyka tremy i zaburzeń głosu o podłożu psychogennym oraz przedstawienie autorskiego narzędzia stworzonego na podstawie trójczynnikowej teorii konstruktu tremy. W tekście opisane są kolejne etapy powstawania kwestionariusza, analiza czynnikowa i wyłanianie skal. Wyniki analiz potwierdziły trójczynnikową konstrukcję narzędzia i sugerują, że skala może okazać się trafnym kwestionariuszem do badania tremy.
Reports on the occurrence of cannabidiol (CBD, 1) in non-cannabis plants are critically reviewed. The isolation of 1 from Humulus Kriya (sic) was fraudulent and from Trema orientalis and stevia ...dubious, while the occurrence of traces of 1 in flax needs additional confirmation. The presence of high concentration of cannabigerol (CBG, 3a) and its corresponding acidic precursor (GBGA, 3b) in Helichrysum umbraculigerum could not be confirmed, but this plant deserves additional attention due to the possible phytocannabinoids accumulation in selected chemotypes.
Abstract
Species of Cannabaceae are wind pollinated, have inconspicuous and reduced flowers that are pistillate, staminate and apparently perfect on the same individual or on different individuals, ...with a single-whorled perianth and a pseudomonomerous gynoecium. Our objective is to understand the developmental processes that lead to such a reduced flower morphology and polygamy in Cannabis sativa, Celtis iguanaea and Trema micrantha. Floral buds and flowers were processed for surface, histological examinations and 3D reconstructions of vasculature. The single-whorled perianth is interpreted as a calyx because the organs are robust, have a broad base, an acute apex and quincuncial aestivation and are opposite the stamens. Petals are absent from inception. The dicliny is established at different development stages: stamens or carpels are absent from inception (Cannabis sativa), initiated and aborted during early (Trema micrantha, before sporo/gametogenesis) or late (Celtis iguanaea, after sporo/gametogenesis) development. Furthermore, in all species studied the carpels are congenitally united and the pseudomonomerous nature of the gynoecium is confirmed. Glandular trichomes are distributed on the bracts, sepals, anther connective and receptacle. Special floral features shared by species of Cannabaceae include precocious ovule development and sepals that are each vascularized by one bundle. The reduced flowers of Cannabaceae are the result of the absence from inception and/or abortion of organs and even of a whole whorl at different developmental stages, which were probably selected in response to pressures exerted by the similar pollination mechanism.
The chemical compositions and fiber morphology of stem and branch samples from
Trema orientalis at three different sites planted in Bangladesh were determined and their pulping, bleaching and the ...resulting pulp properties were investigated. A large difference between the stem and branch samples was observed. The stem samples have consistently higher α-cellulose and lower lignin content, and longer fibers than the branch samples in all sites.
T. orientalis from the Dhaka and Rajbari region had higher α-cellulose content and longer fiber length, resulting in higher pulp yield and better papermaking properties. The
T. orientalis pulp from Rajbari region also showed the best bleachability.
Although differences in canopy openness, herbivory and their interaction may promote species coexistence, how these factors affect pioneer tree species and potentially limit growth, and survival has ...been poorly studied, particularly in tropical South Asia. We monitored the effect of canopy openness and herbivore damage on seedling survival and growth of 960 individuals of six pioneer tree species: Dillenia triquetra, Macaranga indica, Macaranga peltata, Schumacheria castaneifolia, Trema orientalis, and Wendlandia bicuspidata. Seedlings were placed in four gap‐understory positions—center, outer gap edge, inner forest edge, and understory—in four large, natural gaps within the Sinharaja World Heritage Reserve, Sri Lanka. Canopy openness positively affected survival probability beyond the 550‐d experiment, while herbivory decreased survival and was highest in understory conditions. The relative order of species survival stayed fairly consistent between gap‐understory positions and followed their known shade tolerance rankings. When averaged across all experimental conditions, T. orientalis had the lowest survival probability estimate beyond the 550‐d experiment (0.05), but the greatest capacity for growth where it successfully established, while the species with highest averaged survival probability (0.79), D. triquetra, showed the lowest growth. One species, W. bicuspidata, responded positively to herbivory by re‐sprouting. Coexistence of D. triquetra, T. orientalis, and W. bicuspidata can be explained by a trade‐off among species in survival, growth, and response to herbivory. In addition to variation in canopy light environment, herbivory may be important in determining pioneer species distribution through fine‐scale niche partitioning and should be carefully considered in reforestation efforts.
Early pioneer species share life histories enabling them to colonize disturbed sites, but how much they differ demographically and how such differentiation determines pioneer species turnover during ...succession are still open questions. Here, we approached these issues by comparing the demography of dominant pioneer tree species during the secondary succession of tropical rainforest in Southeast Mexico.
We assessed changes in population density, population structure, vital rates and intrinsic population growth rate (r) of the pioneer species Trema micrantha, Cecropia peltata and Trichospermum mexicanum during the first 35 years of succession. For this, we combined chronosequence and long‐term (from 2000 to 2018) data from 14 abandoned cornfields with 0.5–35 years fallow age.
Trema colonized and disappeared first during succession (<15 years), followed by Cecropia (<28) and Trichospermum (>31). All species exhibited hump‐shaped successional trajectories of population density and biomass with Trema reaching a peak first, followed by Cecropia and later Trichospermum. Species exhibited a fast reduction in r with fallow age, with Trema reaching negative growth rates (r < 0) in the third, Cecropia in the fourth, and Trichospermum in the seventh year of succession. Recruitment, growth and mortality rates of seedlings and juveniles defined the period of population increase and the age of succession at which each species reached maximum density and biomass. The mortality rate in mature stages determined how long each species persisted during succession. An important variation in species replacement occurred among study sites. In some sites, one species was abundant and the others were almost absent, while it was the opposite in other sites. We inferred that priority inhibitory effects operated among species during the field colonization.
Synthesis. Although Trema, Cecropia and Trichospermum are considered typical pioneer trees, these species differed importantly in their demographic attributes during succession. The speed at which r declined with age of succession indicated the moment at which each species reached its maximum density and species replacement sequence during succession. However, inter‐specific priority inhibitory effects during field colonization may also be involved in the chance of colonization and replacement between species with similar regeneration strategies.
The replacement among pioneer tropical rainforest tree species along succession in Southern Mexico based on chronosequence (14 plots) and long‐term data (19 years). On average (left‐hand graphs), across plots and years, Trema micrantha (yellow dots) is replaced by Cecropia peltata (blue dost) and C. peltata by Trichospermum mexicanum (red dost). However, such process has a high spatial and temporal variability when considering the population dynamics of each species at the individual plot level (right‐hand graphs; each line represent a plot and the fallow years during which each population was monitored).
Key message
Naturally transgenic plant species occur on an unexpectedly large scale.
Agrobacterium
-mediated gene transfer leads to the formation of crown galls or hairy roots, due to expression of ...transferred T-DNA genes. Spontaneous regeneration of transformed cells can produce natural transformants carrying cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA) sequences of bacterial origin. This particular type of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) could play a role in plant evolution. However, the material available today is not enough for generalizations concerning the role of
Agrobacterium
in HGT from bacteria to plants. In this study, we searched for T-DNA-like genes in the sequenced genomes of dicots and monocots. We demonstrate the presence of cT-DNAs in 23 out of 275 dicot species, within genera
Eutrema, Arachis, Nissolia, Quillaja, Euphorbia, Parasponia, Trema, Humulus, Psidium, Eugenia, Juglans, Azadirachta, Silene, Dianthus, Vaccinium, Camellia,
and
Cuscuta.
Analysis of transcriptome data of 356 dicot species yielded 16 additional naturally transgenic species. Thus, HGT from
Agrobacterium
to dicots is remarkably widespread. Opine synthesis genes are most frequent, followed by
plast
genes. Species in the genera
Parasponia, Trema, Camellia, Azadirachta, Quillaja
, and
Diospyros
contain a combination of
plast
and opine genes. Some are intact and expressed, but the majority have internal stop codons. Among the sequenced monocot species,
Dioscorea alata
(greater yam) and
Musa acuminata
(banana) also contain T-DNA-like sequences. The identified examples are valuable material for future research on the role of
Agrobacterium
-derived genes in plant evolution, for investigations on
Agrobacterium
strain diversity, and for studies on the function and evolution of cT-DNA genes in natural transformants.
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