Background
Heterogeneity in major depressive disorder (MDD) is well recognized but not well understood. Core depressive features are reward and emotional symptoms, which reflect dysfunctions in the ...positive valence (PV) and negative valence (NV) systems, respectively. This study assessed whether PV and NV systems (based on selected symptoms) were associated with different clinical features, antidepressant response, and levels of immunomarkers in adults with MDD.
Methods
These analyses used data from combining medications to enhance depression outcomes study (N = 665; n = 166 for immunomarkers). PV and NV symptom scores were extracted from the clinician‐rated 30‐item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Correlational analyses were conducted.
Results
PV and NV symptom scores were substantially associated with different clinical features. PV symptoms (impaired motivation, impaired energy, and anhedonia) were independently associated with female gender (p < .001), older age (p = .012), and higher cognitive and physical impairment (p < .001) according to the 7‐item Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire. Conversely, NV symptoms (anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity) were independently associated with younger age (p = .013), more anxious comorbidities (p = .001 for generalized anxiety disorder and p = .002 for social phobia) and other commonly associated noncriterion symptoms (p < .001). Overall, PV symptoms were more responsive to antidepressants than NV symptoms (p < .0001; Cohen's d = .455). A PV symptom score was positively correlated with the concentration of three proinflammatory and one anti‐inflammatory factor. In contrast, an NV symptom score was negatively associated with only one proinflammatory immunomarker.
Conclusions
PV and NV system functions appear to be reflected in selected clinical symptoms that differentially relate to other clinical features, treatment outcomes, and immunological function.
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•Single crystal CdTe/CdMgTe and CdTe/CdSeTe heterojunctions were fabricated using MBE.•The Cd 3d5/2 peak was monitored using XPS determined to be unaffected by alloying.•Exact ...determination of the VBM was eliminated using the Cd 3d5/2 peak as a reference•We predict the VBO of CdTe/CdSe to be 2–3× smaller than previously reported.
A limited series of uniform composition CdSeTe alloys and a CdMgTe alloy were grown via molecular beam epitaxy and measured with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy to determine valence band offsets (VBO) with CdTe. We present an alternative to the Kraut method for VBO determination in ternary alloy systems, which does not require determination of the valence band maxima, often a significant source of error in VBO determination. VBOs determined using two different etching sources agreed well with temperature dependent current-voltage data as well as with recent theoretical work, and a linear fit of the VBO data presented here predicts a VBO between CdTe/CdSe a factor two to three times smaller than previously reported.
The density of states of valence electrons of the EsO
2
dioxide is calculated by the relativistic discrete variational method. The scheme of valence molecular orbitals (MOs) is constructed taking ...into account the photoelectric effect cross sections of valence electrons. The histogram of X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) is built for the electron binding energies from 0 eV to ~40 eV. It is shown that the structure of this spectrum contains contributions of outer valence orbitals (OVMOs, from 0 eV to ~15 eV) and inner valence orbitals (IVMOs, from ~15 eV to ~50 eV) molecular orbitals. It is established that Es 5
f
and Es 6
p
electrons participate in the chemical bonding. It is established that not only Es 6
d
, but also Es 6
p
and Es 5
f
orbitals overlap significantly with ligand orbitals, resulting in a highly covalent chemical bonding in this dioxide. The nature of chemical bonding and the structure of the XPS spectrum of valence electrons in EsO
2
is clarified using the scheme of MOs. It is shown that the chemical bonding formed by OVMO electrons is weaken by one third due to IVMO electrons.
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•The carbon spheres were introduced to effectively prevent the V-based structure from collapsing.•The oxygen defects were induced in Zn3V3O8 to provide capacity for zinc ion ...storage.•Flexible CS@ZVO//Zn battery with PAM/SA/MXene hydrogel electrolyte was constructed.
Bimetallic oxides have received extensive attention as cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their effective multi-electron storage mechanism. However, their capacity still falls short of the current demand. In this study, through reasonable structural design, we synthesized spherical glucose-derived carbon-regulated defect state Zn3V3O8 (ZVO) bimetallic oxide (CS@ZVO) cathode. Such a design avoids the layered accumulation of electrode materials, which prevents the structural collapse during the cycle process, leading to a significant improvement in the cycle stability of AZIBs. Additionally, the introduction of glucose-derived carbon can shift the valence state of vanadium in the ZVO bimetallic oxide cathode towards reduction, thereby significantly improving its Zn-ion storage capacity. The resulting CS@ZVO cathode manifests a high discharge capacity of 154 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and a stable lifespan of 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. We also constructed a flexible and foldable AZIB using a hydrogel electrolyte, which operates with a specific capacity of up to 230 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and can be bent and folded arbitrarily when working. This strategy for regulating the valence state of bimetallic oxides offers a promising path for the development of cathode materials in flexible AZIBs.
Homogeneous nickel catalysis is used for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and polymers. These reactions generally proceed via nickel intermediates in the NiO, NiI, NiII, and/or ...NiIII oxidation states. In contrast, NiIV intermediates are rarely accessible. We report herein the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of organometallic NiIV complexes, accessed by the reaction of NiII precursors with the widely used oxidant S-(trifluoromethyl)dibenzothiophenium triflate. These NiIV complexes undergo highly selective carbon(sp3)-oxygen, carbon(sp3)-nitrogen, and carbon(sp3)-sulfur coupling reactions with exogenous nucleophiles. The observed reactivity has the potential for direct applications in the development of nickel-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.
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•Latest advancement in SrTiO3 based photocatalytic for water splitting.•Elaborated strategies to improve efficiency of photocatalytic H2 and O2 evolution.•Challenges for need of ...variant range of dopants to modulate wide band gap of SrTiO3.
With accelerating depletion of fossil fuels and non-renewable resources, researchers have gained interest towards solar energy braced water splitting as a sustainable pathway to fulfil global energy demands. Recently, strontium titanate (SrTiO3) has emerged as remarkable photocatalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution utilizing energy from solar spectrum. SrTiO3 based photocatalyst has been extensively established due to its appropriate VB potential (2.8 eV) for O2 generation and (0.4 eV) CB potential promotes high H2 quantum yield. In this in-exclusive review, latest advancement of photocatalyst, distinct schematic synthesis routes and detailed strategies to enhance photocatalytic activity has been systematically discussed. Predominantly, expounded strategies have been reviewed involving incorporation of transition metal ion and rare earth metals as dopants, heterostructure construction and Z-scheme driven photocatalytic system. The sole aim of review is to highlight limitations and possible routes of SrTiO3 to obtain extended visible light irradiation, modulation of band gap and surface engineering for efficient water splitting. Lastly, challenges and future aspects of SrTiO3 based photocatalysts have been detailed focusing on realization of large-scale application of hydrogen and oxygen evolution.
High‐quality hole transport layers are prepared by spin‐coating copper doped nickel oxide (Cu:NiO) nanoparticle inks at room temperature without further processing. In agreement with theoretical ...calculations predicting that Cu doping results in acceptor energy levels closer to the valence band maximum compared to gap states of nickel vacancies in undoped NiO, an increase in the conductivity in Cu:NiO films compared to NiO is observed. Cu in Cu:NiO can be found in both Cu+ and Cu2+ states, and the substitution of Ni2+ with Cu+ contributes to both increased carrier concentration and carrier mobility. In addition, the films exhibit increased work function, which together with the conductivity increase, enables improved charge transfer and extraction. Furthermore, recombination losses due to lower monomolecular Shockley‐Read‐Hall recombination are reduced. These factors result in an improvement of all photovoltaic performance parameters and consequently an increased efficiency of the inverted planar perovskite solar cells. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 20% could be achieved for small‐area devices, while PCE values of 17.41 and 18.07% are obtained for flexible devices and large area (1 cm2) devices on rigid substrates, respectively.
Copper‐doped Nickel Oxide (Cu:NiO) nanoparticles are synthesized and applied as hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells. Cu doping results in an increase in carrier concentration, hole mobility and work function of Cu:NiO. Consequently, charge extraction is improved and the losses are decreased. The devices with Cu:NiO have better efficiency than NiO, with a highest PCE exceeding 20%.
A metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) photosystem based on covalent organic framework (COF) semiconductors was designed for robust and efficient hydrogen evolution under visible‐light irradiation. A ...maximal H2 evolution rate of 8.42 mmol h−1 g−1 and a turnover frequency of 789.5 h−1 were achieved by using a MIS photosystem prepared by electrostatic self‐assembly of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) insulator‐capped Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with the hydrophilic imine‐linked TP‐COFs having =C=O−H−N= hydrogen‐bonding groups. The hot π‐electrons in the photoexcited n‐type TP‐COF semiconductors can be efficiently extracted and tunneled to Pt NPs across an ultrathin PVP insulating layer to reduce protons to H2. Compared to the Schottky‐type counterparts, the COF‐based MIS photosystems give a 32‐fold‐enhanced carrier efficiency, attributed to the combined enhancement of photoexcitation rate, charge separation, and oxidation rate of holes accumulated in the valence band of the TP‐COF semiconductor.
COFing hydrogen: A MIS (metal–insulator–semiconductor) photosystem can efficiently extract hot π‐electrons of n‐type organic COF semiconductors for hydrogen production and gain a 32‐fold‐enhanced carrier efficiency and an impressive turnover frequency of 789.5 h−1 under visible light excitation.
Investigation of affective and semantic dimensions of words is essential for studying word processing. In this study, we expanded Tse et al.'s (Behav Res Methods 49:1503-1519, 2017; Behav Res Methods ...55:4382-4402, 2023) Chinese Lexicon Project by norming five word dimensions (valence, arousal, familiarity, concreteness, and imageability) for over 25,000 two-character Chinese words presented in traditional script. Through regression models that controlled for other variables, we examined the relationships among these dimensions. We included ambiguity, quantified by the standard deviation of the ratings of a given lexical variable across different raters, as separate variables (e.g., valence ambiguity) to explore their connections with other variables. The intensity-ambiguity relationships (i.e., between normed variables and their ambiguities, like valence with valence ambiguity) were also examined. In these analyses with a large pool of words and controlling for other lexical variables, we replicated the asymmetric U-shaped valence-arousal relationship, which was moderated by valence and arousal ambiguities. We also observed a curvilinear relationship between valence and familiarity and between valence and concreteness. Replicating Brainerd et al.'s (J Exp Psychol Gen 150:1476-1499, 2021; J Mem Lang 121:104286, 2021) quadratic intensity-ambiguity relationships, we found that the ambiguity of valence, arousal, concreteness, and imageability decreases as the value of these variables is extremely low or extremely high, although this was not generalized to familiarity. While concreteness and imageability were strongly correlated, they displayed different relationships with arousal, valence, familiarity, and valence ambiguity, suggesting their distinct conceptual nature. These findings further our understanding of the affective and semantic dimensions of two-character Chinese words. The normed values of all these variables can be accessed via https://osf.io/hwkv7 .
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