In our review of the research on PGS (park green space) spatial equity, little consideration has been given to the impacts of small spatial scales and measurement accuracy on spatial equity ...assessments. Based on the web map API open data platform (including location and navigation data, etc.), this study established a fine-scaled evaluation framework of spatial equity from the aspects of sensitivity to measurement and the urban micro-perspective. The framework was integrated within the KD2SFCA (kernel density two-step floating catchment area) method, which planners use to accurately locate areas of under or over supply of urban public facilities. Taking Zhengzhou as a case study, we identified 2494 residential areas and 106 PGSs to describe the spatial equity of residents accessing different PGS levels by four travel modes. The results showed that there were significant differences in spatial equity between different PGS levels. Of the three PGS levels, the overall spatial equity for district PGS was the highest, community PGS was second, and municipal PGS was the lowest. We also found that different travel modes had important impacts on PGS spatial equity. One interesting phenomenon was that when residents chose to walk to a higher level PGS, the percentages of the population with “no supply” increased; when residents chose bicycle and private car modes to reach higher level PGS, the percentages of the population with “weak supply” and “over supply” increased. In addition, it is worth noting that community PGS was originally established to meet the needs of residents for short-distance entertainment. However, we found that almost all residents in the study area were in the extreme states of “no supply” or “over supply” when they reached community PGS by walking. These results provide a scientific basis for more reasonable and equitable allocation of urban PGS and the optimization of transportation facilities. This work can also provide a more fine-scaled research perspective and improve the scientific evaluation system for studying urban infrastructure spatial equity.
The important ecological and recreational functions of public green spaces for metropolitan regions have been increasingly recognized, especially in the last few decades in developing countries that ...experienced rapid urbanization at the cost of ecological land. This study developed a green accessibility index (GAI) that quantifies the efficiency of accessing different levels of public green spaces. The GAI used the improved estimation method by using web map services, which can acquire information such as optimized path choices and corresponding time-cost information in different trip modes. Taking Shanghai as a case, this study measured and mapped the accessibility of different types of public green spaces at the spatial resolution of 50 m. The results illustrated that the Central Activities Zone had the highest accessibility, whereas most rural areas beyond the Inner Ring Road had low accessibility, except for some parts dotted with several public parks. Overall, the accessibility decreased from the city core to the urban periphery within the Outer Ring Road. This study proposed an improved method to estimate the green space accessibility at a much finer scale with high accuracy, due to the advantages of the data provided by web map services. This method can be an effective tool in planning public green spaces, and can be adapted to plan other public service facilities.
•A green accessibility index is developed to represent the efficiency of accessing public green spaces.•A web map service is adopted to optimize path choice and improve trip time estimation.•An improved method is raised to estimate the green space accessibility at a fine scale.•The method will improve the capacity to inform the planning for public urban green spaces.
Chaos-based stream ciphers form a prospective class of data encryption techniques. Usually, in chaos-based encryption schemes, the pseudo-random generators based on chaotic maps are used as a source ...of randomness. Despite the variety of proposed algorithms, nearly all of them possess many shortcomings. While sequences generated from single-parameter chaotic maps can be easily compromised using the phase space reconstruction method, the employment of multi-parametric maps requires a thorough analysis of the parameter space to establish the areas of chaotic behavior. This complicates the determination of the possible keys for the encryption scheme. Another problem is the degradation of chaotic dynamics in the implementation of the digital chaos generator with finite precision. To avoid the appearance of quasi-chaotic regimes, additional perturbations are usually introduced into the chaotic maps, making the generation scheme more complex and influencing the oscillations regime. In this study, we propose a novel technique utilizing the chaotic maps with adaptive symmetry to create chaos-based encryption schemes with larger parameter space. We compare pseudo-random generators based on the traditional Zaslavsky map and the new adaptive Zaslavsky web map through multi-parametric bifurcation analysis and investigate the parameter spaces of the maps. We explicitly show that pseudo-random sequences generated by the adaptive Zaslavsky map are random, have a weak correlation and possess a larger parameter space. We also present the technique of increasing the period of the chaotic sequence based on the variability of the symmetry coefficient. The speed analysis shows that the proposed encryption algorithm possesses a high encryption speed, being compatible with the best solutions in a field. The obtained results can improve the chaos-based cryptography and inspire further studies of chaotic maps as well as the synthesis of novel discrete models with desirable statistical properties.
Modern requirements for spatial information greatly exceed the capabilities of classic analog maps, which is why there was a need to adapt cartography itself to these requirements. The advent of ...computers and the Internet has made it possible for cartography to keep up with the needs of modern society. The map itself is no longer a passive medium that serves only to navigate in space or plan a traffic route but offers different types of interaction with the user. This allows spatial information to be communicated between the cartographer and the user more quickly and easily. In addition to the basic graphic and descriptive part of the map, the maps are enriched with images, sound, and animations that allow users to experience the space shown on the map to the greatest extent possible. This paper will present the application of open-source software for creating a tourist interactive web map for the area of Ključ municipality.
Hungary’s rich geothermal resources provide a real option to tackle the present energy crisis, decrease the country’s high gas dependency and decarbonise its heating sector. Nevertheless, geothermal ...project development faces some barriers, one of the most important ones is the geological risk of the unknown reservoir properties. One powerful tool to mitigate this risk is to increase the knowledge of the subsurface and provide geoscientific data availability to project designers. The presented Hungarian case study shows a systematic development of such data service, comprising a public web-map based geothermal information system (OGRE) and tailor-data packages developed on the basis of an indicator system that considers the 3 most important factors: reservoir types (R), heat market conditions (H) and the rate of exploration (S).
The comparison of multiple maps is a common fundamental process used by geographers to explore the world. The most frequently applied interactive methods for the comparison of maps are multiple view ...and swipe. Swipe allows the user to interactively drag and overlap two different maps. Multiple view is based on the simultaneous side-by-side display of several maps. The current paper presents an analysis of the use of these two map comparison techniques in an Esri environment using an eye-tracking study which involved 25 participants. The participants completed two different tasks which compared land suitability using two or four maps. Based on an analysis of the recorded data, we compared the effectiveness of these methods through the accuracy of answers, the trial duration, and eye-tracking metrics of the individual compositional elements of the interactive maps. Cognitive processing was investigated through the analysis of dynamic areas of interest. This labor-intensive analysis yielded results which could be visualized using sequence charts. Based on these analyses, we concluded that the participants worked more effectively with multiple views, especially in comparing four maps. Working with swipe in the Esri environment is non-intuitive in comparisons of more than two maps. Many participants instead preferred simple toggling between layers instead of interactive swipe comparisons. However, when swipe was used to compare two maps, the method was more efficient, especially during cognitively demanding tasks.
Land cover derived from remotely sensed products is an important input to a number of different global, regional and national scale applications including resource assessments and economic land use ...models. During the last decade three global land cover datasets have been created, i.e. the GLC-2000, MODIS and GlobCover, but comparison studies have shown that there are large spatial discrepancies between these three products. One of the reasons for these discrepancies is the lack of sufficient in-situ data for the development of these products. To address this issue, a crowdsourcing tool called Geo-Wiki has been developed. Geo-Wiki has two main aims: to increase the amount of in-situ land cover data available for training, calibration and validation, and to create a hybrid global land cover map that provides more accurate land cover information than any current individual product. This paper outlines the components that comprise Geo-Wiki and how they are integrated in the architectural design. An overview of the main functionality of Geo-Wiki is then provided along with the current usage statistics and the lessons learned to date, in particular the need to add a mechanism for feedback and interaction as part of community building, and the need to address issues of data quality. The tool is located at geo-wiki.org.
Selection of construction material sources is an important issue in construction supply chain management. This affects not only the shipping cost and schedule of a construction project, but also its ...environmental impact. However, material delivery cost and time from the source location to the job site concerning sustainability may not be easily estimated.
In this paper, a decision support tool that integrates building information modeling (BIM) and web map service (WMS) for the source selection of sustainable construction materials is presented. The BIM-WMS integrated decision support tool is developed in a form of a BIM-integrated plugin, which can help select sustainable construction material sources through evaluating the final cost and delivery time of the material, as well as calculate location-related credits in some green building standards, such as LEED. The developed plugin will make the selection of sustainable construction material and the calculation of location-related credits in green building certification an easy task, with the goal of minimizing environmental impact.
•WMS (web map service) is integrated with BIM for supply chain management.•A BIM-WMS decision support plugin is developed for designers and project managers.•The BIM-WMS tool can help with material selection, cost and schedule planning, and so on.
