...much of this research lacks the application of basic training principles such as individualisation and progressive overload, and consideration of the participant experience. ...whether this novel ...training modality is being optimised and if it is feasible in the real-world is unclear. All participants randomised with baseline assessments were included in intention-to-treat analysis using linear mixed effects models. Considering physical performance, maximal oxygen uptake increased across the intervention with no difference between groups, as was also observed for the mean power of the physical training sessions.
Introduction: The transition to competency-based surgical training mandates changes to residency workload. Both actual composition and the perception of resident workload should be considerations in ...program design. Methods: A web-based survey was distributed to faculty and residents in a Canadian general surgery residency program. Questions pertaining to perception of current resident workload (as a percentage of daytime workload), optimal resident workload and educational value (linear scale 0-10) of various components of resident workload were included. Workload categories included 5 task categories. Responses were compared with a 660-hour resident workload observation data set. Results: Seventeen residents and 16 faculty completed the survey (74% and 67% participation). Residents perceived that substantially less time was allocated to educational activities than faculty (median 10% interquartile range (IQR) 5%-10% v. 15% IQR 10%-20%, p < 0.001, observed 7.7%). There were no significant differences in perception of time allocated to direct patient care (DPC), indirect patient care (IPC), downtime or transit tasks. Both groups underestimated the amount of time spent on IPC (resident perception 20% IQR 12% -30%, faculty 18% IQR 10%-29%, observed 32%). When asked to describe an ideal workload, residents felt that more time should spent on DPC tasks (60% IQR 50%-70% v. 50% IQR 40%-60%, p = 0.037, observed 44%) and less on IPC tasks (10% IQR 10%-14% v. 10% 10%-25%, p = 0.037, observed 31%) than faculty. Residents and faculty agreed on the high value of DPC and educational activities and the low value of downtime and transit tasks. Residents felt that IPC tasks were less valuable than faculty (4 IQR 2-6 v. 7 IQR 6-8.2,p < 0.001). Conclusion: Surgical residents and faculty agree on the importance of dedicated educational activities, but faculty overestimate education as a proportion of workload. Both groups underestimate IPC, which faculty perceive as of greater value than residents. This information can guide resident training program design and be used to bridge gaps between resident and faculty perceptions of resident workload.
Evidence Based Library and Information Practice (EBLIP), a peer reviewed open access journal published since 2006, seeks to fill a position of Associate Editor (Research Articles). The successful ...candidate will be expected to begin their role by September 2021 and serve a three-year term (with possibility of renewal). This person will share the workload with a second Associate Editor. The ideal candidate for Associate Editor (Research Articles) will be well-versed in evidence based practice and research methods. This position requires dedicated time on a regular basis, and it is therefore essential that interested persons ensure available time to devote to this position prior to applying. It is estimated that the workload is approximately 15+ hours per month.
Citation: Carvalho S, Leite J, Galdo-Álvarez S, Gonçalves ÓF (2012) Correction: Psychophysiological Correlates of Sexually and Non-Sexually Motivated Attention to Film Clips in a Workload Task. No ...competing interests declared.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in ...noncritical scenarios.
Background:
Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems.
Method:
Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems.
Results:
Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature.
Conclusion:
We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload.
Application:
Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.
Assessment of student learning is a crucial part of quality work-integrated learning (WIL), yet presents some significant challenges for WIL practitioners. Assessment of WIL differs to assessment in ...classroom based courses because of the complexities of assessing the more holistic nature of learning in WIL, as well as (in many cases) managing the involvement of an external partner in the assessment process. This paper investigates academic workload implications of WIL assessment for staff at an Australian university. Over two years 34 WIL courses were surveyed, with 30 staff interviewed over a wider three-year period. Analysis of survey data reveals assessment of student learning is the largest single contributor to academic workload in WIL courses, with qualitative data providing some insight into the reasons for this. This paper reports findings from the study, noting implications and recommendations for practice, policy and future research.
Objective
This study investigates the effect of cognitive overload on assembly task performance and muscle activity.
Background
Understanding an operator’s cognitive workload is an important ...component in assessing human–machine interaction. However, little evidence is available on the effect that cognitive overload has on task performance and muscle activity when completing manufacturing tasks.
Method
Twenty-two volunteers completed an assembly task while performing a secondary cognitive task with increasing levels of demand (n-back). Performance in the assembly task (completion times, accuracy), muscle activity recorded as integrated electromyography (EMG), and self-reported workload were measured.
Results
Results show that the increasing cognitive demand imposed by the n-back task resulted in impaired assembly task performance, overall greater muscle activity, and higher self-reported workload.
Relative to the control condition, performing the 2-back task resulted in longer assembly task completion times (+10 s on average) and greater integrated EMG for flexor carpi ulnaris, triceps brachii, biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and pectoralis major.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that working under high cognitive load not only results in greater muscle activity, but also affects assembly task completion times, which may have a direct effect on manufacturing cycle times.
Application
Results are applicable to the assessment of the effects of high cognitive workload in manufacturing.
Resumen Una de las claves que determinan el éxito del proceso de entrenamiento es la alternancia correcta entre periodos de esfuerzo y descanso. La acumulación de esfuerzo puede provocar la aparición ...de la fatiga con el consiguiente deterioro de la capacidad motriz del deportista. Su impacto y consecuencias a largo plazo sobre el organismo dependen de la capacidad adaptativa del deportista ante los estímulos que la generaron. Estos estímulos que determinan la carga del entrenamiento pueden ser de naturaleza física y/o mental. Aunque la repercusión de los primeros han sido ampliamente estudiada, no sucede igual con los de tipo mental. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es (1) revisar el concepto de carga mental, incluyendo elementos de carga cognitiva, pero también de carga emocional; (2) profundizar en las repercusiones que tiene la carga mental y la necesidad de controlarla durante el proceso de entrenamiento, y (3) proponer aplicaciones prácticas que incluyan estrategias para el diseño de tareas por parte del entrenador. Abstract. On of the key to determine the success of the training process is the correct alternation between periods of exertion and rest. The accumulation of stress can trigger the onset of fatigue with consequent deterioration of the athlete’s motor skills. His impact and long-term consequences on the body depend on the adaptive capacity of the athlete to stimuli that generated it. These stimuli that determine the training load can be physical and / or mental. Although the impact of the former has been widely studied, does not happen with the same mental type. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to (1) review the concept of mental workload, including elements of cognitive load, but also emotionally charged, (2) further the implications that mental workload has and the need to control for the training process, and (3) propose practical applications which include strategies for the task design by the coach.
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