Background Prior studies indicated a link between urinary catheter use and urinary complications, highlighting the need for comprehensive, gender‐specific investigations. This study explored the association through a national retrospective cohort, emphasizing gender disparities and long‐term outcomes. Methods Our study utilized data from the entire population covered by Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2017. We included 148,304 patients who had undergone Foley catheter placement and their propensity‐scores matched controls in the study. We evaluated urinary complications, which encompassed urinary tract cancer, urolithiasis, urethral stricture, obstructive uropathy, reflux uropathy, fistula, diverticulum, caruncle, false passage, prolapsed urethral mucosa, urinary tract rupture, and urinary tract infection. These were assessed using the Fine and Gray sub‐distribution proportional hazards model to compare between the Foley and non‐Foley groups. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with different matching ratios. Results In the study, the non‐Foley group presented a marginally higher mean age (75.24 ± 10.47 years) than the Foley group (74.09 ± 10.47 years). The mean duration of Foley catheterization was 6.1 ± 4.19 years. Men with Foley catheterization exhibited the highest adjusted sub‐distribution hazard ratios for urinary tract cancer (6.57, 95% CI: 5.85–7.37), followed by women with Foley catheterization (4.48, 95% CI: 3.98–5.05), and men without catheterization (1.58, 95% CI: 1.39–1.8) in comparison with women without the procedure. Furthermore, men with Foley catheterization were found to be at the greatest risk for complications such as urolithiasis, urethral stricture, obstructive and reflux uropathy, fistula, diverticulum, caruncle, false passage, prolapsed urethral mucosa, and urinary tract rupture. Conversely, women with urinary catheterization were most susceptible to urinary tract infections. Conclusions The evidence confirms that urinary catheterization significantly increases urinary complications, particularly among men. Our study underscores the crucial need for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate the necessity of catheterization, aim to shorten its duration whenever feasible, and strictly adhere to established protocols to minimize complications.