Background Women with a previous venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at risk of recurrence during pregnancy. Objectives We aimed to assess the incidence rate of recurrent VTE during pregnancy, according to the period of pregnancy, and the clinical parameters associated with recurrence, in a prospective cohort of women of childbearing age after a first VTE. Patients/Methods A total of 189 women aged 15–49 years with a first documented VTE were followed until a subsequent pregnancy of at least 20 weeks’ gestation between 2000 and 2020. VTE recurrences during pregnancy were recorded, as were potential clinical risk factors for recurrence. Results Recurrent VTE occurred in six women during antepartum: five during the first trimester (incidence rate 106.4 per 1000 women‐years) (95% confidence interval CI 46.3–226.0); none during the second trimester; and one during the third trimester (incidence rate 27.0 per 1000 women‐years 95% CI 4.8–138.2). During postpartum, recurrences occurred in 11 women (incidence rate 212.8 per 1000 women‐years 95% CI 119.9–349.1). These 17 recurrent VTEs presented as pulmonary embolism ± deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in five patients and isolated DVT in 12. Failure of thromboprophylaxis occurred in two cases (33.3%) antepartum and in 10 cases (90.9%) postpartum. In multivariable analysis, only obesity (defined on prepregnancy body mass index) was associated with recurrent VTE (odds ratio 3.34 95% CI 1.11–10.05, p = .03). Conclusions This study confirms a high risk of recurrent VTE postpartum, despite thromboprophylaxis, in women with a previous VTE. Only obesity was associated with VTE recurrence during pregnancy, suggesting that low‐dose anticoagulation might not be appropriate in obese pregnant women.