Policy makers are interested in managing forests to store carbon. Optimizing this strategy requires understanding how carbon storage varies across environmental gradients. We explored variation in tree growth rate, tree longevity, and surface soil organic matter across 135 Connecticut River riparian forest plots. Tree growth rate did not vary significantly with climate but rather increased with sediment accretion rate, soil pH and decreased with plot elevation, where elevation was measured relative to the stage of the 2-year flood. By contrast, surface soil organic matter was negatively related to pH and tree growth rate. Tree species longevities were greater at higher elevations with coarser soils. The faster growth rates at lower elevations allow for restoring forest structure rapidly, whereas flood intolerant but longer-lived tree species allow more durable carbon sequestration at higher elevations. The close associations of growth rate, sediment accretion, and pH suggest that riverine nutrient inputs are important to maintaining the exceptionally high productivity of floodplains. Environmental assessments of river dams should consider impacts of intercepting sediments and reducing flooding on downstream floodplain fertility and productivity. Restoration of riparian locations with high deposition of sediments and associated nutrients may be an opportunity to maximize both nutrient and carbon sequestration.