ABSTRACT Triple‐negative breast cancers (TNBCs) account for ~25% of all invasive carcinomas and represent a large subset of aggressive, high‐grade tumors. Despite current research focused on understanding the genetic landscape of TNBCs, reliable prognostic and predictive biomarkers remain limited. Although dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key players in many cancer types, the role of miRNAs in TNBC disease progression is unclear. We performed miRNA profiling of 51 TNBCs by next‐generation sequencing to reveal differentially expressed miRNAs. A total of 228 miRNAs were identified. Three miRNAs (miR‐224–5p, miR‐375, and miR‐205–5p) separated the tumors based on basal status. Six miRNAs (high let‐7d‐3p, miR‐203b‐5p, and miR‐324–5p; low miR‐30a‐3p, miR‐30a‐5p, and miR‐199a‐5p) were significantly associated with decreased overall survival (OS) and 5 miRNAs (high let‐7d‐3p; low miR‐30a‐3p, miR‐30a‐5p, miR‐30c‐5p, and miR‐128–3p) with decreased relapse‐free survival (RFS). On multivariate analysis, high expression of let‐7d‐3p and low expression of miR‐30a were independent predictors of decreased OS and RFS. High expression of miR‐95–3p was significantly associated with decreased OS and RFS in patients treated with anthracycline‐based chemotherapy. Five miRNAs (let‐7d‐3p, miR‐30a‐3p, miR‐30c‐5p, miR‐128–3p, and miR‐95–3p) were validated by quantitative RT‐PCR. Our findings unveil novel prognostic and predictive miRNA targets for TNBC, including a miRNA signature that predicts patient response to anthracycline‐based chemotherapy. This may improve clinical management and/or lead to the development of novel therapies.—Turashvili, G., Lightbody, E. D., Tyryshkin, K., SenGupta, S. K., Elliott, B. E., Madarnas, Y., Ghaffari, A., Day, A., Nicol, C. J. B. Novel prognostic and predictive microRNA targets for triple‐negative breast cancer. FASEB J. 32, 5937–5954 (2018). www.fasebj.org