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  • Generation Mechanisms of Hi...
    Kong, Zhenyu; Gao, Xinliang; Lu, Quanming; Wang, Xueyi

    Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, November 2023, 2023-11-00, 20231101, Volume: 128, Issue: 11
    Journal Article

    Whistler mode chorus waves appear either as a series of discrete elements (rising or falling tones) or as banded hiss‐like emissions in the dynamic spectrogram. Although the generation of rising‐tone chorus waves has been extensively studied, few studies have focused on the generation of hiss‐like emissions. In this paper, using the one‐dimensional (1‐D) general curvilinear particle‐in‐cell (gcPIC) simulation model, we have thoroughly studied the generation mechanisms of hiss‐like emissions. Based on the spectrogram, we first classify hiss‐like emissions into four types (I, II, III, and IV). We find that the type I hiss‐like waves are linearly excited by the anisotropic electrons, while other types are excited through the nonlinear process. For the type I waves, they do not undergo a frequency chirping process and have a relatively broadband spectrum. The high proportion of hot electrons or the large temperature anisotropy of hot electrons will decrease the threshold for nonlinear growth and cause the wave amplitudes to exceed the threshold, leading to the nonlinear generation of type II hiss‐like waves. The fresh hot electrons continually injected into the system with a large drift velocity significantly reduces the time interval between the rising tone elements to form a continuous spectrum, which are the type III waves. The intense and long‐lasting hiss‐like emissions, that is, type IV, which are the most frequently observed, should be generated due to the combined effect of the rapid injection and the high proportion of hot electrons (or the large temperature anisotropy). Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the generation of hiss‐like chorus waves in the Earth's magnetosphere. Plain Language Summary Chorus waves are important electromagnetic waves in the inner magnetosphere, which typically appears as either hiss‐like emissions or discrete rising or falling tones. Although much effort has been spent on explaining the frequency chirping of chorus waves, the generation of hiss‐like emissions have long been neglected, which are actually the more common spectrogram than the discrete ones. Based on Van Allen Probes data, we first reveal that the hiss‐like emissions can be further divided into four types (I, II, III, and IV). Then, we utilize a one‐dimensional general curvilinear particle‐in‐cell (gcPIC)‐δf model to successfully reproduce the four types of hiss‐like emissions. We propose that the type I hiss‐like waves are linearly excited by the electrons with a temperature anisotropy, while other types undergo the nonlinear growth. The high proportion or large temperature anisotropy of hot electrons will cause the strong nonlinear growth, resulting in the generation of the type II hiss‐like waves. The type III waves depend on the continuous injection of energetic electrons caused by the azimuthal drift. Due to the combined effect of the rapid injection and intense nonlinear growth, the intense and long‐lasting hiss‐like emissions, that is, type IV, which are the most frequently observed, are generated. Our findings provide a deeper insight of the generation of hiss‐like chorus waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere. Key Points A 1‐D general curvilinear particle‐in‐cell simulation model is used to study the generation mechanisms of hiss‐like emissions Based on the spectrogram, the hiss‐like emissions are classified into four types (I, II, III, IV) The majority of hiss‐like chorus waves in the Earth's magnetosphere are generated through a nonlinear process