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Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Holl, Karen D.; Garcia, Cristina
The Journal of applied ecology, December 2020, 2020-12-00, 20201201, Volume: 57, Issue: 12Journal Article
A growing number of initiatives at global, regional and national scales propose to plant millions, billions or even trillions of trees as a simple solution to resolve complex environmental problems. However, tree planting is much more complicated than it seems. We summarize the multifaceted decision‐making process needed and offer guidelines to increase the success of the proposed ambitious efforts to increase tree cover world‐wide. Given the varied definitions of and motivations for tree planting, it is critical that stakeholders work together to clearly define the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of each project. Then a series of questions must be addressed about where and how (e.g. planting trees vs. allowing for natural forest regrowth) to most effectively achieve these goals and minimize unintended negative consequences, as well as how, when and by whom success of efforts will be evaluated. Key guidelines to successfully increase tree cover include: (a) first addressing the underlying drivers of deforestation; (b) integrating decision‐making across scales from local to global; (c) tailoring tree planting strategies to clearly stated project goals and planning, adaptively managing and evaluating success over a sufficiently long timeframe; (d) focusing on the forest ecosystem as a whole, and not just the trees; (e) coordinating different land uses and (f) involving stakeholders at all stages of the planning process. Synthesis and applications. Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well‐being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time‐scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio‐ecological complexities. Resumo Um número crescente de iniciativas em escala global, regional e nacional tem proposto plantar milhões, bilhões ou até trilhões de árvores como uma solução simples para resolver problemas ambientais complexos. No entanto, o plantio de árvores é muito mais complicado do que parece. Resumimos o processo multifacetado de tomada de decisão necessário e oferecemos diretrizes para aumentar o sucesso dos esforços ambiciosos propostos para expandir a cobertura de árvores em todo o mundo. Dadas as variadas definições e motivações para o plantio de árvores, é fundamental que as partes interessadas trabalhem juntas para definir claramente os objetivos biofísicos e socioeconômicos de cada projeto. Em seguida, uma série de perguntas deve ser abordada sobre onde e como (por exemplo, plantar árvores vs. permitir a regeneração natural da floresta) para atingir esses objetivos de maneira mais eficaz e minimizar as consequências negativas indesejadas, além de como, quando e por quem o sucesso desses plantios será avaliado. As principais diretrizes para aumentar com sucesso a cobertura de árvores incluem: (a) abordar primeiro os fatores subjacentes ao desmatamento; (b) integrar a tomada de decisão entre escalas, do local ao global; (c) adequar as estratégias de plantio de árvores a objetivos claramente definidos do projeto, e planejar, manejar de forma adaptativa e avaliar o sucesso por um período suficientemente longo; (d) focar no ecossistema florestal como um todo, e não apenas nas árvores; (e) coordenar diferentes usos da terra; e (f) envolver as partes interessadas em todas as etapas do processo de planejamento. Síntese e aplicações. O plantio de árvores, juntamente com outras estratégias para aumentar a cobertura das árvores em locais e contextos apropriados, pode dar uma contribuição valiosa para garantir o bem‐estar ecológico e social do nosso planeta nas próximas décadas, mas apenas se esses esforços forem considerados como um componente de soluções multifacetadas para problemas ambientais complexos, e forem cuidadosamente planejados, implementados e monitorados em uma escala de tempo suficientemente longa, com o envolvimento das partes interessadas e consideração mais abrangente das complexidades socioecológicas. Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well‐being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time‐scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio‐ecological complexities.
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