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Kononenko, Veno; Narat, Mojca; Drobne, Damjana
Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 6/2015, Volume: 66, Issue: 2Journal Article
When nanoparticles enter the body, their interactions with cells are almost unavoidable. Unintended nanoparticle interaction with immune cells may elicit a molecular response that can have toxic effects and lead to greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer development. As evidenced by several studies, nanoparticle interactions with biological systems can stimulate inflammatory or allergic reactions and activate the complement system. Nanoparticles can also stimulate immune response by acting as adjuvants or as haptens. Immunosuppressive effects have also been reported. This article gives a brief review of in vitro and in vivo research evidencing stimulatory or suppressive effects of nanoparticles on the immune system of mammals. In order to ensure safe use of nanosized particles, future research should focus on how their physical and chemical properties influence their behaviour in the biological environment, as they not only greatly affect nanoparticle-immune system interactions but can also interfere with experimental assays Ko nanodelci vstopijo v organizem, pridejo v kontakt s celicami imunskega sistema. Nezaželene interakcije nanodelcev z imunskim sistemom lahko sprožijo molekularni odziv, ki lahko pripelje do toksičnih učinkov in povečane dovzetnosti organizma za okužbe, avtoimunska obolenja ter razvoj raka. Dosedanje raziskave so pokazale, da nanodelci lahko sprožijo vnetne in alergijske reakcije, lahko pa tudi aktivirajo sistem komplementa. Nanodelci lahko delujejo kot adjuvansi ali kot hapteni. Obstajajo pa tudi poročila, ki kažejo na sposobnost nanodelcev, da zavrejo imunski odziv. V članku bomo povzeli ugotovitve dosedanjih raziskav in vitro ter in vivo, ki so bile narejene na področju proučevanja vplivov nanodelcev na stimulacijo ali supresijo imunskega sistema sesalcev. Za zagotovitev varne uporabe nanodelcev moramo razumeti kako fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti nanodelcev vplivajo na njihovo obnašanje v biološkem okolju. Lastnosti nanodelcev moramo upoštevati tudi ob izvajanju poskusov, da se izognemo lažnim rezultatom zaradi potencialne interference nanodelcev z dejavniki v eksperimentalnem okolju. Čeprav je bilo do sedaj narejenih že več nanotoksikoloških raziskav, je vpliv nanodelcev na imunski sistem še vedno slabo razumljen. Sposobnost nanodelcev za modulacijo imunskega odziva narekuje potrebo po nadaljnjih raziskavah interakcij nanodelcev z imunskim sistemom.
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