UEBMI covers working and retired employees in cities (i.e., employers and employees from government agencies and institutions, state-owned enterprises, private businesses, social organizations, and other private entities), and URBMI covers citizens without employment in cities (i.e., children, students, elderly people, and unemployed residents). ...indicators of osteoporosis such as bone density or imaging information are seldom available in the medical insurance databases. ...consistent with previous publications on hip fracture incidence 8,9,11,16,29, in this study, hip-fracture-related indicators such as the incidence of hip fracture and associated costs in patients aged 55 years and above were used as surrogate indexes for determining the burden of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures. Additionally, we included specific symptoms and signs (hip pain, shorting and external rotation of the affected leg), special examination (hip X-ray), and particular treatments (open reduction and internal fixation of femoral neck fracture, open reduction and internal fixation of intertrochanteric fracture). Exclusion criteria for case identification were the following: (1) pathological fracture, (2) old hip fracture, (3) femoral shaft fracture, (4) distal femoral fracture, (5) subtrochanteric fracture, (6) complications and sequelae of hip fracture (non-union, delayed union, malunion, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, and anchylosis), (7) prosthesis complications, (8) osteonecrosis of the femoral head, (9) hip dislocation, and (10) removal of internal fixation devices.