Aims: This article presents an overview of the strategies and measures used in the context of school-based prevention in Slovenia, both on a declaratory and on a practical level. Methods: A review of the Resolution on the National Programme on Drugs in the Republic of Slovenia ReNPPD (2004). Resolucija o nacionalnem programu na podro ju drog 2004-2009 Resolution on the 2004-2009 National Programme on Drugs Control, OG. RS, Vol. 28, pp. 3125-3139 is given and followed by a comparison with the guidelines of the European Drug Strategy EU Drugs Strategy 2005-2012 (2005). Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu and three other national strategies from three eastern European countries. An analysis of the key problems that emerge in practice is made on the basis of data collected in individual interviews and in focus group interviews. Findings: On the declaratory level, drug prevention activities in Slovenian schools are mostly in line with the EU guidelines and similar to those in Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In practice, some discrepancies emerge, since there is neither a national database of programmes nor any programme evaluations in Slovenia; therefore, schools are left to their own judgement in choosing which programme is suitable for them. Conclusions: The deficiencies create an urgent need to establish a database of programmes and introduce community prevention strategies in schools on the national level.