This article examines the campaign of schooling and education reforms for non-Sunni or "heterodox" groups, particularly the Nusayri community, during the reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1908) in the ...late Ottoman Empire in Syria and Southern Turkey. Through a detailed examination of Ottoman archival documents, missionary reports, and accounts, this article sheds light on Ottoman strategies to correct the beliefs of Nusayri children through education to develop a decent and loyal Sunni generation and to prevent missionary activities among community members. The article links the educational policies of the Hamidian regime to its governance and hegemony strategies in the periphery, where Ottoman authority was relatively weak and challenged. In this regard, this article argues that the Ottoman State attempted to normalise and eradicate cultural, religious, and social distinctions by converting the Nusayris to Sunni Islam and educating them to create a homogenous social structure on the periphery, thereby transforming them into loyal subjects and preventing them from attending missionary schools. The campaign of schooling, which was instrumentalised in attaining ideological, political, and religious objectives, was a significant pillar of these policies. However, the late Ottoman administration did not apply uniform schooling and education policies towards the Nusayris at schools in Antakya and Latakia, as the central administration took into consideration regional geographic, demographic, political, and socioeconomic conditions, priorities, and risks. The ultimate goal of Hamidian educational initiatives was the preservation of the empire by the adoption of diverse approaches to accomplish its own goals, but the outcomes of the educational policies reflected the weaknesses of an empire that had been in turmoil for over a century.
This article aims to examine the changing nature of the Ottoman central administration's policies towards Nusayris in the nineteenth century. In different contexts of space and time, the Ottoman ...authorities employed different measures of collaboration, oppression and persecution, while the Nusayris responded to these policies by either resistance or accommodation. Drawing on various sources from the Ottoman archives, the article singles out various contexts in time and space, in which the Ottoman state - both centrally and locally - condemned them as 'heretics' or, alternatively within this fluid continuum, accommodated them to local political and administrative practice and needs. A close analysis of the practices and the terminology brought to bear in dealing with the Nusayris suggests an adaptive, ever changing and dynamic relationship of the state to these parts of the population. The findings presented here thus urge the historicization of instances of persecution and marginalization in order to come to terms with complex religio-political entanglements and, finally, to delineate a more nuanced perspective on the history of this community in the late Ottoman Empire.
This article aims to demonstrate the role of the children's periodicals and magazines in the process of formation of the divine and the greatest sultan character in the minds of children between 1876 ...and 1908. By examining seven newspapers and magazines from that period, this article points out that these materials emphasized merciful, generous, protective, progressive, reformer, religious and powerful sultan images, which played a considerable role in indoctrination and political socialization of children. In this way, as this article argues, the regime tried to form primarily loyal, and then moral, religious, and well-educated generations who would support the regime's values and norms. The close examination of the children's periodicals indicates how the patriotism was closely connected to loving and obeying the rules and laws of the owner of the state, which reduced the meaning of patriotism to being loyal to the sultan, praying for his health and continuation of his rule, and celebrating his birthday. While elucidating the children's periodicals, this article also provides a glimpse on the bilateral relations between the regime and the publishers and the censorship policy of the period.
This article explores the unique experiences of children who lived in a famine-affected region of Central Anatolia between 1873 and 1875. The deplorable conditions forced some children to consume ...inappropriate foods, be traded for bread, be abandoned during migration, or be subjected to exploitation and domestic servitude. The article emphasizes the contrast between child-rearing practices and the concept of childhood in the Central Anatolian region and urban areas of the period. This challenges the prevailing emphasis in previous studies that have primarily examined urban children during the period of peace. Emphasizing the famine of 1873–1875, the research underscores that the concept of childhood and the material culture developed and adopted by urban families of the period under the effect of modernization were not observed in Central Anatolia. Thus, it is suggested that examining childhood in the Ottoman Empire necessitates a periodical and regional methodology that considers the socioeconomic and cultural variations that influenced the experiences of children in various regions and eras. In addition, the article delves into the Ottoman government’s response to the famine. The article addresses these issues by comprehensively examining Ottoman archival sources, periodicals and gazettes, together with contemporary accounts and reports from the famine period.
Bu makale, Balkan Savaşları boyunca çocukluk algısının siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel açıdan nasıl şekillendiğini incelemektedir. Osmanlı toplumunda, özellikle 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren, ...barış zamanındaki çocukluk algısı ile savaş zamanındaki çocukluk algısı arasında önemli farklılıklar olmuştur. Savaş dönemindeki çocukluk algısı, siyasi gelişmelerden etkilenmiş ve bazı çocukların rejimin ideolojisi ve dönemin koşulları bağlamında militarizasyonu ile sonuçlanmıştır. Balkan Savaşları boyunca çocuklar, ebeveynlerinin sorumluluklarını büyük ölçüde üstlenmişlerdir, bu da çocukluk ile yetişkinlik arasındaki ayrımın bulanıklaşmasına neden olmuştur. Savaşın sosyal sonuçları, çocukların yaşamlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemiş ve eğitim, oyun ve hikâye anlatımı gibi alanlara sirayet etmiştir. Makale boyunca, çeşitli yöntemler kullanılarak Balkan Savaşı'nın çocukların yaşamları üzerindeki etkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çocukların bütün deneyimlerini resmi belgeler aracılığıyla yansıtmak mümkün olmadığından, onların deneyimlerini daha kapsamlı bir şekilde yansıtabilmek için anılar, biyografiler ve dönemin etkisi altında kurgulanan edebi eserler kaynak olarak tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çocukluk algısını yansıtan farklı disiplinlerden çeşitli kaynakların incelenmesi nedeniyle, kaynak kullanımında disiplinler arası bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, dönem politikalarının ve egemen çocukluk algısının hem kişisel anlatılarda hem de kurgusal metinlerde kendini gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu durum, çocukluk tarihinin ve çeşitli kaynakların kullanımının önemini vurgulamakta ve alandaki potansiyel araştırma konularına örnekler sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
The Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire experienced significant events, such as the Egyptian invasion, the Tanzimat Reforms and the increasing activities of Protestant missionaries between 1831 ...and 1876. In this thesis, I tried to analyze the course of the Ottoman-Nusayri relationship between 1831 and 1876, the treatment of the Ottoman government toward the Nusayris, outcomes of the Egyptians and the Ottoman reforms in the region and among the Nusayris, the reaction of the Nusayris to these reform policies, and the activities of the Protestant missionaries among the Nusayri community.
This dissertation examines the main features of the social and economic life of the district of Antakya between 1750 and 1840 to essentially understand the characteristics of the daily life of ...society, administration, political developments, and economic activities in this particular city. While elucidating the city administration, demography, neighborhood life, trade, marketplace, guilds, religious minorities, women, children, and the politics of notables in the district of Antakya between 1750 and 1840; my observations revealed the main aspects of social, economic, and politic life of the city of Antakya- one of the most important religious, political, and commercial centers in the classical world under the Ottoman Empire. Even though this study conveys some of the complexities and patterns of local society, the conceptional framework and methodology it proposes, the sources it uses, and the questions it addresses are relevant to the history of other communities in the Levant and Southeast Anatolia as well as other mid-sized towns in the Ottoman Empire, which shared much in common with Antakya.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin antibody (ACA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels in 40 pregnant and ...20 non-pregnant women.
Materials and methods: The women were divided into three groups. The first group consisted of 20 pregnant women of less than 20 gestational weeks and with a past history of habitual abortion. The second group consisted of 20 non-pregnant patients with a past history of habitual abortion. The third group consisted of 20 healthy pregnant women.
Result: LA was found in only one patient in Group 2. ACA IgG positivity was found in one patient in Group 1, three patients in Group 2 and one patient in Group 3. Mean ACA IgG was highest in Group 2. High serum TNF-α levels were found in 12 (60%), 6 (30%) and 2 (10%) women in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Conclusion: We propose that cytokines, especially TNF-α, were found to be related to pregnancy loss.
The aim of the study was to compare different imaging methods in the diagnosis of microcracks on root dentin and to evaluate the frequency of dentinal microcracks observed after root canal ...preparation using the ProTaper Universal (PTU) system of different sizes. A total of 30 mandibular molars' mesial roots were scanned with microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging methods before instrumentation. Root canal instrumentation was performed up to PTU F2 and F4 files. After instrumentation stages, the roots were scanned again with micro‐CT and then with CBCT in same parameters. All roots were sectioned horizontally at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm from the apices of the specimens. The sections were imaged under a stereomicroscope. Finally, imaging of the sections was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical data analysis of instrumentation steps was performed using Friedman and Wilcoxon tests, and the data of imaging methods were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (p = .05). Instrumentation with the PTU system up to F2 and F4 files significantly increased the number of microcracks compared with preoperative samples according to micro‐CT imaging (p < .05). For detecting microcracks on the root dentin, there were no statistically significant differences between micro‐CT (43.9%) and stereomicroscopy (45.8%) (p < .05). SEM showed significantly higher percentage of microcracks (88.3%) (p > .05). No microcrack was observed using the CBCT method. There were no statistically differences between micro‐CT and stereomicroscopy. SEM showed more dentinal microcracks while no microcrack was observed with CBCT.
This study compares different imaging methods in the diagnosis of microcracks on root dentin and evaluates the frequency of dentinal microcracks observed after root canal preparation using the ProTaper Universal system by micro‐CT analysis. Representative cross‐sectional images obtained by CBCT (a), stereomicroscopy (b), micro‐CT (c), and SEM (d) imaging methods.
Using accurate imaging for microcrack detection is important for reliable results.
Micro‐CT and stereomicroscopy detected the same amounts of microcracks.
CBCT and SEM were not reliable methods for detecting microcracks.
PTU system increased the number of microcracks up to F2 and F4 file instrumentation.
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