Silazak u podzemlje ili katabaza mitološki je, ali i književni motiv prisutan u
religijama i književnostima mnogih naroda. U proučavanju epske književnosti
katabaza se definira kao priča o silasku ...žive osobe koja posjeduje određene
kvalitete u podzemni svijet mrtvih s nekim ciljem i njezino vraćanje među
žive. U ovom se radu prikazuju reprezentativni primjeri katabaze u grčkoj,
rimskoj i hrvatskoj novolatinskoj književnosti. Počinje se s grčkom epikom,
odnosno 11. pjevanjem Odiseje i homerskom Himnom Demetri, a nastavlja
se pričama o katabazi Tezeja i Piritoja i Heraklovu silasku u Had po Kerbera.
U rimskoj književnosti, uz najpoznatiju katabazu, Enejinu u 6. pjevanju Eneide,
predstavlja se i Orfejeva katabaza u 10. pjevanju Metamorfoza te Psihina
u Apulejevim Metamorfozama ili Zlatnom magarcu, te se spominje i obrada
toga motiva u Apokolokintozi Seneke Mlađeg. Hrvatski humanistički autor Jakov
Bunić izložio je Heraklovu katabazu u epiliju De raptu Cerberi, pridajući
joj alegorijsko tumačenje u kontekstu kršćanske vjere. Također, u radu se primjenjuje
klasifikacija J. L. Calva Martineza, prema kojoj po razlogu silaska u
podzemlje postoji nekromantska katabaza (npr. Odisejeva), romantična (npr.
Orfejeva) i obijesna (npr. Heraklova) katabaza.
U radu se utvrđuju utjecaji antičkih pjesnika na prijevod Homerova epa
Odiseje iz pera hrvatskog isusovca Bernarda Džamanjića, nastao krajem
18. st. Sažeto je prikazan kontekst u kojem Džamanjić ...stvara te mjesto
ovog prijevoda u njegovom opusu. Uz pomoć zbirki tekstova CroALa,
Musisque Deoque i Poeti d’Italia pokušale smo utvrditi prisutnost citata iz
djela antičkih autora u tekstovima, te odrediti koji su antički pisci izvršili
najveći utjecaj na Džamanjića u oblikovanju latinskih stihova, pri čemu je kao glavni izvor služila zbirka Musisque Deoque, dok su CroALa i Poeti
d’Italia služile za dodatnu provjeru izvora. S obzirom na isusovačko obrazovanje i rimski neoklasicistički krug u kojem se kretao, u Džamanjićevu prijevodu Homera očekivan je utjecaj rimske epike, ponajprije Vergilija.
Most organic solvents used in quaternization reactions are volatile, hazardous, toxic and form by-products, thus inducing health issues and pollution. Deep eutectic solvents are greener alternatives, ...but they have not been tested yet in the quaternization reaction. Here we propose eutectic solvents in the quaternization reaction of nicotinamide with substituted 2-bromoacetophenones. The reaction was performed at 80 °C by three synthetic approaches: conventional during 2–6 h, microwave during 20 min and ultrasonic during 3 h. The highest yields of about 98% were obtained by microwave. The most suitable eutectic solvents were choline chloride with either urea, oxalic or levulinic acid. The use of deep eutectic solvents has several advantages: environmental benignity, biodegradability, easy purification and simple preparation. All tested compounds showed antifungal activities against
Botrytis cinerea
,
Colletotrichum acutatum
,
Alternaria radicina
and
Fusarium graminearum
at 10 and 100 µg/mL.
In this study, the sorption of ammonium from aqueous solution onto activated carbon, natural zeolite, peat and potting soil was studied by performing batch kinetic sorption experiments. The activated ...carbon wasn't efficiently removing ammonium at concentrations higher than 50 mg L(-1). Sorption isotherms of ammonium on zeolite, peat and potting soil were determined at 25 degrees C and 200 rpm with the initial concentration of 50-7000 mg L(-1). Equilibrium data were fitted by Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm and parameters were evaluated according these models. Langmuir model gives better fit to experimental data than Freundlich and Temkin models. Maximum adsorption capacities were for activated carbon 0.631 mg g(-1), zeolite 58 mg g(-1), peat 595 mg g(-1) and for potting soil 575 mg g(-1). The equilibrium kinetic data were analyzed using adsorption kinetic models: the pseudo-first and second-order equations and were found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. A comparison between linear and non-linear regression method for estimating the adsorption and kinetics parameters was examined. The obtained results showed that non-linear method may be a better way to determine the kinetic parameters. Thermodynamic studies showed exothermic and endothermic nature of the adsorption of NH4(+) on inorganic and organic adsorbents, respectively. From present results it can be seen that zeolite, peat and potting soil are good adsorbents for removal ammonium from aqueous solution.
