The paper examines the links between economic indicators and the defence burden in selected NATO countries during the period between 1980 and 2020. Three of the largest NATO spenders in terms of ...defence, such as Greece, Turke, and the USA, have been chosen for the investigation. The question being posed by this research is whether economic factors have an impact on the defence burden. To answer this question, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (further ARDL) modelling has been employed. The results reveal that, in the long-run, the defence burden responds negatively to output changes in the cases of Turkey and Greece. Inflation and the number of military personnel have positive effects on the defence burden in all three countries in the long-run. While in Greece the government gross debt affects the defence burden positively, in the United States and Turkey the government gross debt affects the defence burden negatively. Moreover, the investigation has shown that defence expenditure is less affected by economic determinants in the short term rather than in the long term. The outcomes of the study could be incorporated into the economic development policies of Greece, Turkey and the USA.
Women’s burnout affects not only the individuals suffering from this condition but also those around them and the organization they work for. This phenomenon spills over into their personal lives and ...increases the likelihood of work-family conflicts. Organizational, personal, and family circumstances can affect women’s burnout. This study aims to determine the influence of perceived organizational support on burnout at work while mediating work-family conflict and moderating sociodemographic factors such as age, romantic relationship status, and number of children. The quantitative study involved 404 employed women aged 18 to 64. A structured questionnaire was distributed via social media or e-mail targeting employed women in Lithuania’s public and private sectors. IBM SPSS and a special PROCESS macro were applied to perform a mediation-moderation analysis. The study showed that the direct effect of perceived organizational support is greater than the indirect effect in mediating work-family conflicts. This is true in the case of both general burnout and its separate components. The significant moderating effect of age revealed that younger women aged 18 to 34 experience more burnout than older women. The number of children demonstrated a significant moderating effect between perceived organizational support and burnout and its dimensions for women with two or more kids. No moderating effect of romantic relationship status on the interconnection between perceived organizational support and women’s overall burnout or its individual dimensions was found.
Purpose is to assess the impact of the inward Nordic foreign direct investment on Lithuania’s exports.
Research methodology – this research applied correlation and regression analysis, as well as the ...Augmented Dickey–Fuller test and the Granger causality test were used.
Findings proved that interlinkages between Lithuanian exports and foreign direct investment from the different Nordic countries might vary from weak (Iceland and Denmark) to strong (Norway, Sweden, Finland).
Research limitations – greater availability of a statistical dataset covering the classification of foreign direct investment according to the investing country and the distribution of these investments and gross domestic product by economic activity would allow a more accurate assessment of the relationship between Scandinavian foreign direct investment inflows in individual economic sectors and the economic indicators of these sectors.
Practical implications – based on the research results, Lithuania has the potential to stimulate exports from inward Nordic foreign direct investment, especially Norwegian foreign direct investment in manufacturing.
Originality/Value – this study contributes to the internationalization theory by extending it from the sectorial angle, especially emphasizing the need to analyze the impact of foreign direct investment from a single country on the host economy and its economic structure.
The purpose of this study is to examine the intensity of technology and knowledge transfer to the selected Baltic countries through foreign direct investment. The intensity of technology and ...knowledge transfer across the Baltic countries varies widely, with Estonia showing the leading position in the Baltic region. The amount of foreign direct investment in three countries is linked with the level of technology and knowledge transfer. It is indicated that during the Financial Crisis in 2008, the extent of foreign direct ownership changed in all three countries and later recovered. In the aftermath of this disruption, countries recovered their stock Foreign direct investment attraction rates and almost reached their 2004 level. Latvia has achieved a 50 per cent increase among Baltic countries, benefiting from it. Foreign direct investment and technology transfer increased through effective strategies and policies. In contrast, Estonia maintains a sustained stock foreign direct investment and has moderately lower margins than in other Baltic countries. Among countries, Estonia is the dominant stock FDI absorber in the Baltic region and have made significant contributions in the region.
Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėti ekonominių veiksnių poveikį gynybos naštai NATO šalyse 1980– 2020 m. laikotarpiu. Tyrimui pasirinktos trys NATO šalys – Graikija, Turkija ir JAV, kurios per nagrinėjamą ...laikotarpį daugiausia skyrė gynybai, vertinant procentine išraiška nuo BVP. Ekonominių veiksnių poveikiui įvertinti naudojamas ARDL modeliavimas. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad ilgalaikėje perspektyvoje gynybos našta neigiamai reaguoja į gamybos apimties pokyčius Graikijoje ir Turkijoje. Karinio personalo skaičius ir infliacijos lygis turi teigiamą poveikį gynybos naštai visose trijose šalyse. Valstybės skolos įtaka gynybos išlaidoms yra teigiama ir statistiškai reikšminga Graikijoje, o JAV ir Turkijoje – neigiama ir statistiškai nereikšminga. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad gynybos našta labiau priklausoma nuo ekonominių veiksnių ilguoju laikotarpiu nei trumpuoju.
Climate change is one of the major problems of the planet. The atmosphere is overloaded with carbon dioxide caused by fossil fuels that are burned for energy. Almost 40 percent of the total energy ...worldwide is used by the building sector, which comes from non-renewable sources and contributes up to 30% of annual greenhouse gas emissions globally. The building sector in Iran accounts for 33.8% of Iran’s total energy usage. Within the building sector, the energy consumption of Iranian educational buildings is 2.5 times higher than educational buildings in developed countries. One of the most effective ways of reducing global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is retrofitting existing buildings. This study aims to investigate whether a particular energy-optimized design under the present climate conditions would respond effectively to future climate change. This can help designers make a better decision on an optimal model, which can remain optimal over the years based on climate change. For methodological purposes, multistage optimization was used to retrofit an existing educational building. Specifically, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was chosen to minimize the cooling and heating load, as well as consider investment costs for present and future weather files, using the jEPlus tool. Furthermore, the TOPSIS method was used to identify the best set of retrofit measures. For this purpose, a four-story educational building in Tehran was modeled on Design Builder software v7.0.0.116 as a case study to provide a better understanding for researchers of how to effectively retrofit a building to achieve a nearly zero energy building considering climate change. The results show that the optimized solution for the present weather file does not remain the optimized solution in 2080. Moreover, it is shown that to have an optimized building in regard to future weather files, the model should be designed for the future weather conditions. This study shows that if the building becomes optimized using the present weather file the total energy consumption will be reduced by 65.14% and 86.18% if using the future weather file. These two figures are obtained by implementing active and passive measures and show the priority of using the future weather file for designers. Using PV panels also, this building is capable of becoming a nearly net zero building, which would produce about 90% of its own energy demands.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas priežastinis ryšys tarp eksporto ir ekonomikos augimo šešiuose pasaulio regionuose 1971 – 2018 metų laikotarpiu. Priežastiniam ryšiui nustatyti naudojamas Grangerio testas. ...Tyrimas parodė, kad Azijos, Europos, Šiaurės Amerikos ir Okeanijos regionuose eksportas skatina ekonomikos augimą. Tuo tarpu Afrikos, Lotynų Amerikos ir Karibų regionuose tyrimo metu priežastinio ryšio tarp nagrinėjamų kintamųjų nenustatyta. Tyrimo rezultatai gali būti naudingi, įgyvendinant bendrą regioninę politiką. Azijos, Europos, Šiaurės Amerikos ir Okeanijos regionuose politikos formavimas turėtų būti nukreiptas į eksporto skatinimą, mažinant tarptautinės prekybos barjerus, atveriant naujas rinkas, didinant eksportuojančių prekių konkurencingumą tarptautinėse rinkose.
Scientific literature describes various factors that influence knowledge transfer and successful adoption, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation. These four components are mostly related to ...the absorptive capacity of the company. However, more factors influence both developments of innovations or patents and the lack of ability to use external and internal information (knowledge). Using external knowledge is often associated with previous experience, or even a point of view towards investment in innovation or developing patents. Thus, the companies might be divided into innovators and imitators. The research addresses several problems (questions). What external factors are influencing knowledge transfer and further development of innovation? What factors are influencing absorptive capacity? What factors are essential in cooperation and knowledge transfer to switch from a linear to a circular economy? To collect data, a computer-assisted telephone interviewing method was used. The survey was addressed to subsidiaries, joint companies, Lithuanian-Nordic, Estonian-Nordic capital companies, or companies in close collaboration with the Nordic countries. A total of 158 companies from Estonia and Lithuania agreed to answer all the questions. The survey involves companies of various sizes and ages from different business sectors. Reliability was denoted, as Cronbach’s Alpha was estimated. The KMO test was used to measure whether the data were suitable for principal component analysis. Additionally, PCA was performed. PCA reduced the number of variables into an extracted number of components. The separate row of the component defined a linear composite of the component score that would be the expected value of the associated variable. The dataset may be used to develop interlinkages among the research mentioned above questions, and the results of introducing innovation, the company’s size, and age might be used as control variables. The article aims to analyze the factors that determine innovation development and their interlinkages while technology is transferred from Nordic parenting companies to the subsidiaries. The article’s results contribute to the interdisciplinary knowledge transfer, innovations, and internationalization field.
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