Bakterije
mikroorganizmi koji za svoj rast u okolišu, kao i u laboratorijskim uvjetima trebaju mikroaerofilne uvjete. Za rutinsku analitiku klasičnim metodama primjerena je primjena priznatih ...standardiziranih protokola i propisanih visoko selektivnih tekućih i/ili krutih hranjivih podloga. Nakon porasta karakterističnih kolonija radi određivanja vrste kampilobaktera primjenjuju se mikroskopski, fenotipski, biokemijski, imunozimski testovi, rezistotipizacija i/ili metoda masene spektrometrije. Za razlikovanje sojeva kampilobaktera postoje dvije klasične metode serotipizacije. Do sada je razvijen znatan broj PCR protokola usmjerenih prema otkrivanju Campylobacter roda, vrste ili podvrste, bilo iz uzoraka hrane, okoliša ili izmeta. Glavne prednosti PCR metoda su u njihovoj brzini, osjetljivosti i specifičnosti, a nedostatak PCR metodologije je u tome što ne razlikuje žive od mrtvih stanica, zbog čega se razvijaju novi protokoli bazirani na RT-PCR, NASBA i QRT- PCR molekularnim metodama.
Mycobacterium celatum, a slowly growing potentially pathogenic mycobacterium first described in humans, is regarded as an uncommon cause of human infection, though capable of inducing invasive ...disease in immunocompromised hosts. According to some reports, a serious disease due to M. celatum may also occur in individuals with no apparent immunodeficiency. In animals, an M. celatum-related disease has been described in three cases only: twice in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and once in a white-tailed trogon (Trogon viridis). In this paper, we report the first detection of M. celatum in a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). A nation-wide overview of human M. celatum infections recorded in Slovenia between 2000 and 2010 is also given. Pulmonary disease due to M. celatum was recognized in one patient with a history of a preexisting lung disease.
Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium africanum was diagnosed in an adult female hyrax (Procavia capensis). Pathologic examination revealed disseminated tuberculous lesions. The same pathologic changes ...were also found in a male hyrax that died a year later. Both animals were imported from the United Arab Emirates and were held in captivity at the Zagreb Zoo in Croatia. The source of infection remains unknown. The acid-fast bacteria isolated from the lungs of the female hyrax were identifyed by polymerase chain reaction as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Geno Type® MTBC test confirmed the strain to be M. africanum I.
We researched the spread of Brucella ovis (B. ovis) infection in sheep during 2002 and 2003 in Croatia. A total of 30,635 sheep blood samples were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ...(ELISA). In 2002, 1014 out of 14,404 examined sheep blood samples (7%) from six counties gave positive reactions while 2060 (14.3%) were found suspicious. In 2003, 638 out of 16,221 examined sheep blood samples in nine counties (3.9%) tested positive while 1083 (6.7%) were suspicious. In rams and sheep that were serologically positive specific pathological changes were found in 68 (43.6%) out of 156 examined rams and in 5 (3.8%) out of 133 examined sheep. B. ovis was isolated from ram tissues from three counties and identified with classical microbiological procedures and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This research proves that Brucella ovis is present in sheep flocks in Croatia which is also the first proof of its existence in the country.
Ferrets are highly susceptible to a wide range of mycobacteria, mainly M. bovis, M. avium, and M. triplex. Therefore, ferrets pose a risk of transmission of mycobacteriosis, especially zoonotically ...relevant tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to describe the findings of M. xenopi mycobacteriosis in a pet ferret and emphasize its zoonotic potential. A pet ferret had a history of weight loss, apathy, hyporexia, and hair loss. Abdominal ultrasound revealed splenomegaly with two solid masses and cystic lesions of the liver. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli in epithelioid cells, thus leading to the suspicion of mycobacterial infection. Because of its poor general condition, the ferret was euthanized. Necropsy examination revealed generalized granulomatous lymphadenitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, splenitis, and hepatitis. Histologically, in all organs, there were multifocal to coalescing areas of inflammatory infiltration composed of epithelioid macrophages, a low number of lymphocytes, and plasma cells, without necrosis nor multinucleated giant cells. Ziehl-Neelsen staining detected the presence of numerous (multibacillary) acid-fast bacteria, which were PCR-typed as M. xenopi. This is the first study showing the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of M. xenopi in veterinary medicine, describing the resistance to doxycycline. Overall, our results could facilitate further diagnosis and provide guidelines for the treatment protocols for such infections.
Within the genus Mycobacterium (M.) more than 170 different types ofmycobacteria have been identified. In relation to humans, they are divided into threegroups. M. tuberculosis complex, which ...includes ten species that cause tuberculosisin mammals. The type of M. tuberculosis within M. tuberculosis complex remainsthe major cause of tuberculosis in humans in the world. Except for a long time knownspecies (M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti, M. caprae), new membersof the group have recently been discovered. M. pinnipedii in seals, M. munghi inmongoose, M. orygis in arabian oryx and M. suricattae in the meerkat. The samecauses have been proven in people living nearby. M. leprae is the cause of theleprosy in humans. The disease has been proven in nine banded armadillos (Dasypusnovemcinctus) and represents the natural reservoir of M. leprae. The largest numberof mycobacteria (more than 160 species) belongs to nontuberculous mycobacteria.They are found in the environment, they are very resistant and adapted to growthand development, and to humans and animals are often exposed to them. Someare important potentially pathogenic species and they sometimes cause severepathological processes in humans and animals.
Infection with Brucella results in the induction of both humoral andcellular immune responses. Humoral immune resposne is based on monitoringthe occurrence of specific antibodies against smooth ...lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS)of Brucella. However, in cattle, classical serological methods can detect antigenicdeterminants for other types of microorganisms (cross reactivity) such as Escherichiacoli 0:157, Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9, Salmonella urban, Pseudomonas malthopilia andPasteurella. The aim of our work was to determine the immunological responsebased on the use of standardized and purified allergen in which lypopolysaharid hasbeen removed and doesn’t induce humoral immune response. A total of 16 dairycattle previously tested positive using RBT (Rose Bengal test) and CFT (complementfixation test) were tested for confirmation with BST (brucelline skin test) accordingto the instructions of the producer. B. melitensis B115 (Synbiotics BrucellergeneOCB) was used in the test. 14 of 16 cattle reacted with skin thickening >1 mm after72 hours from the application of brucellin. 2 animals with no skin thickening orthickening <1mm also reacted negative in CFT. This outcome can be attributed tocross reactions with other antigens than Brucella that commonly occurs in RoseBengal test.Brucellin allergic skin test is not recommended as a standalone diagnostic toolbecause all infected animals do not react therefore this test cannot be recommendedas a self-sufficient diagnostic test or for the purpose of international trade.However, due to high specificity and adequate sensitivity at the herd level, it can berecommended for the control of herds in areas free of brucellosis.
Unutar roda Mycobacterium (M.) identificirano je više od 170različitih vrsta mikobakterija. U odnosu prema čovjeku podijeljene su u tri skupine.M. tuberculosis kompleks u koji spada deset vrsta koje ...uzrokuju tuberkulozu usisavaca. Vrsta M. tuberculosis, unutar M. tuberculosis kompleksa i dalje ostaje glavniuzročnik tuberkuloze u ljudi u svijetu. Osim već do sada dugo poznatih vrsta (M.bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti, M. caprae), u novije vrijeme otkriveni sui novi pripadnici te skupine. M. pinnipedii u tuljana, M. munghi u mungosa, M. orygisu arapske oriks antilope i M. suricattae u merkata. Isti uzročnici dokazani su u ljudikoji žive u njihovoj blizini. M. leprae je uzročnik lepre u ljudi. Bolest je dokazana uoklopnika (aramadila) (Dasypus novemcinctus), koji predstavljaju prirodni rezervoarM. leprae. Najveći broj mikobakterija (više od 160 vrsta) pripada netuberkuloznimmikobakterijama. Nalaze se u okolišu, vrlo su otporne i prilagođene rastu i razvoju,a njima su često izloženi ljudi i životinje. Neke su važne potencijalno patogene vrstei ponekad uzrokuju teške patološke procese u ljudi i životinja.
Brucele u organizmu inficiranih životinja induciraju i humoralnii ćelijski imunološki odgovor. Humoralni imunološki odgovor se bazira na praćenjupojave specifičnih antitijela protiv glatkog ...lipopolisaharida (S-LPS) ćelijskemembrane brucela. Međutim kod goveda u dokazu specifičnih antitijela klasičnimserološkim metodama mogu se detetkovati antigene determinate za druge vrstemikroorganizama (unakrsna reaktivnost) kao što su: Escherichia coli 0:157, Yersiniaenterocolitica 0:9, Salmonella urban, Pseudomonas malthopilia i Pasteurellae. Cilj ovograda je utvrditi ćelijski imunološki odgovor koji se bazira na upotrebi pročišćenog istandardiziranog alergena, kojem je u potpunosti odstranjen lipopolisaharid te kaotakav ne dovodi do razvoja humoralnog imunološkog odgovora. Ukupno je ispitano16 goveda s područja Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine kod kojih je - Rose Bengaltestom ireakcijom vezivanja komplementa utvrđeno prisustvo specifičnih antitijelana brucelozu. Kožni test je izvođen prema uputama proizvođača. U testu je korištenbrucelin, ekstrakt B. melitensis B115 (Synbiotics Brucellergene OCB). Kod 14 govedaje nakon 72 sata od aplikacije utvrđeno zadebljanje kožnog nabora, dok kod dvagoveda nije izmjereno nikakvo zadebljanje. Razlog svakako treba tražiti u činjenicida su dva goveda imala pozitivan rezultat samo u Rose Bengal testu te se to možeprepisati unakrsnoj reakciji s antigeno srodnim mikroorganizmima.Kožni alergijski test nije preporučljiv kao samostalan dijagnostički alat jer nereaguju sve zaražene životinje, stoga ovaj test se ne može preporučiti kao individualnidijagnostički test ili u svrhu međunarodne trgovine. Međutim, zbog visokespecifičnosti i adekvatne osjetljivosti na nivou stada ili stada, može se preporučiti zanadzor stada / stada u područjima slobodnim od bruceloze.
In the period from 2009 to 2013, bacteriological testing was conducted on 336 sheep, goat and cattle samples. Using classical bacteriological and molecular procedures, B. melitensis was confirmed in ...14 (4.2 %) samples. Brucella was isolated in the Karlovac, Lika-Senj and Split-Dalmatia Counties. Brucella isolates were genotyped using the MLVA method and compared with isolates from neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). A total of 14 isolates (strains) originating from Croatia and 25 from BH were analysed. Complete matches between Croatian and BH isolates were found in two genotype groups. Overall, the MLVA analysis indicated that the Croatian and BH genotypes of B. melitensis from animals were highly homogenous. The Hunter Gaston diversity index (HGDI) showed that diversity was found among the 16 tested loci for 5 loci of panel 2B (Bruce 04, 07, 09, 16, 30). The discriminating loci are optimal for the use in epidemiological investigation of B. melitensis infections in these two countries. Key words: multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), B. melitensis, ruminants, Croatia U razdoblju od 2009. do 2013. u Hrvatskoj je izvrsena bakterioloska pretraga uzoraka ukupno 336 ovaca, koza i goveda. Klasicnim bakterioloskim i molekularnim postupcima B. melitensis je potvrdena u 14 (4,2%) izolata. Brucele su izdvojene u Karlovackoj, Licko-senjskoj i Splitsko-dalmatinskoj zupaniji. Analiza broja uzastopnih ponavljanja na vise lokusa (engl. multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis, MLVA) primijenjena je radi genotipizacije i usporedbe s izolatima iz susjedne Bosne i Hercegovine. Ukupno je analizirano 14 izolata podrijetlom iz Hrvatske i 25 iz susjedne Bosne i Hercegovine. U dva slucaja genotipovi izolata iz Hrvatske u potpunosti su se poklapali s genotipovima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Koristenjem metode MLVA utvrden je visok stupanj homogenosti izolata u ove dvije zemlje. Od koristenih 16 MLVA lokusa raznolikost je utvrdena samo na 5 lokusa panela 2B (Bruce 04, 07, 09, 16, 30) sto je potvrdeno racunanjem HGDI indeksa. Koristenje ovih 5 razlikovnih lokusa optimalno je za provodenje epidemioloskih istrazivanja u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Kljucne rijeci: MLVA, B. melitensis, prezivaci, Hrvatska
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