We contend that a particular form of self-efficacy beliefs — specifically referred to as relation-inferred self-efficacy beliefs — often gets activated in beginning supervisees, can potentially pose ...supervision problems from the outset and, consequently, is best addressed by supervisors early on. Relation-inferred self-efficacy beliefs refer to what supervisees think or infer that their supervisor is thinking about their therapeutic efficacy; because beginning supervisees often have doubts about their own therapeutic efficacy, they can make incorrect inferences about what their supervisor is thinking of them, and supervision can be accordingly affected. In this brief report, relation-inferred self-efficacy beliefs are elaborated upon, their significance for the trajectory of beginning supervisee development is considered, and some supervisor actions that can aid in alleviating the impact of those beliefs on beginning supervisees are identified. We view it as important that supervisors (a) hold supervisee problematic relation-inferred self-efficacy beliefs in mind as a likely supervision reality, (b) strive to proactively address their possible emergence through supervisee education at supervision’s onset and through including the topic in the body of the supervision agreement, (c) be sensitive to cues that may indicate the emergence of such problematic inferred beliefs during the course of supervision, (d) sensitively inquire about those cues and, if confirmed, be open to discussing their implications with beginning supervisees, (e) fully carry out discussion about those beliefs so as to allay supervisees’ inference concerns, and (f) because addressing those problematic beliefs is not a one-and-done affair, be ready to re-address them as need arises.
Integrative psychotherapy is a groundbreaking book where the authors
present mindfulness- and compassion-oriented integrative psychotherapy (MCIP) as an
integration of relational psychotherapy with ...the practice and research of mindfulness
and compassion.
The book elucidates an approach which is holistic and based on evidence-based processes
of change related to the main dimensions of human experience. In this approach,
mindfulness and compassion are viewed as meta-processes of change that are used within
an attuned therapeutic relationship to create a powerful therapeutic model that provides
transformation and growth. The authors offer an exciting perspective on intersubjective
physiology and the mutual connection between the client’s and therapist’s autonomic
nervous systems.
Comprised of creatively applied research, the book will have an international appeal
amongst psychotherapists/counsellors from different psychotherapy traditions and also
students with advanced/postgraduate levels of experience.
The present study examined the processes of supervisees’ non-disclosure in the supervision of psychotherapy. The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of non-disclosure by supervisees, ...the content of non-disclosure and the reasons for it. The study involved 50 supervisees (42 women and 8 men), with different professional developmental levels and belonging to various psychotherapeutic schools. Study participants completed the Questionnaire of Significant Aspects of Supervision after each of two consecutive supervision sessions. Half of the sessions were conducted in individual and half of the sessions in group settings. Altogether, 90 completed questionnaires were used in the study. Interviews were performed with ten of the supervisees.Data was coded according to principles of grounded theory (Corbin and Strauss, 2015). Our findings revealed that non-disclosure was present in 21% of the sessions. Supervisees conceal dissatisfaction with supervisors and their work, content related to the supervision group, information related to psychotherapeutic work, personal topics and topics related to wider professional activity. The reasons for non-disclosure were: not feeling safe enough in the supervisory relationship or the supervision group, concern for the supervisor, shame and self-criticism. These findings are significant both for the practice and for further research of supervision.
The aim of the research was the development of a new scale for measuring the satisfaction of relational needs. In the first study, we developed 269 items based on Erskine's description of eight ...relational needs. Five experts evaluated the items, and then they were pilot-tested on a sample of 221 participants. Using principal component analysis, we found five components related to five relational needs: authenticity, support and protection, having an impact, shared experience, and initiative from the other. In the second study, the Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale was tested on a sample of 255 participants and further refined with the help of factor analysis. The final version of the scale consists of 20 items and measures overall relational needs satisfaction and the five dimensions of relational needs. The reliability of the overall score was excellent, while subscales had acceptable to good reliability. The relational needs satisfaction positively and significantly correlates with the secure attachment style, self-compassion, higher satisfaction with life, and better well-being. In the third study, we confirmed both the five-factor model and the hierarchical model on the sample of 354 participants. We proposed that the hierarchical model is more congruent with the theoretical model, as all five dimensions of relational needs are aspects of one general dimension of relational needs satisfaction. The scale can be used in both psychotherapy and counseling and research related to different fields of psychology.
In the article I describe the integrative psychotherapy of the client who showed an avoidant state of mind. I explore how in two and a half years of psychotherapeutic treatment, in a sensitive and ...caring therapeutic relationship, the client process of integration and development of a secure state of mind is unfolding. The client is becoming more open and accepting of her own internal states, particularly her vulnerability and the need for having a secure, warm and loving relationship with another. An increased contact with self is enabling her to make important decisions and implement changes into her life. Theory of attachment is used as important guideline for diagnosis, treatment planning and understanding of the psychotherapeutic process.
This article provides four responses from senior psychotherapists and supervisors to Erskine’s articleRelational Healing of Early Affect-Confusion. The authors approach the third part of case study ...trilogy from their particular perspective and provide both challenge and respect for the author’s work.
This article provides four responses from senior psychotherapists and supervisors to Erskine’s articleBalancing on the “Borderline” of Early Affect-Confusion. The authors approach the second part of ...case study trilogy from their particular perspective and provide both challenge and respect for the author’s work.
In this chapter, the authors describe the concept of relational schemas as a
fundamental construct in mindfulness- and compassion-oriented integrative
psychotherapy (MCIP). The concept of relational ...schemas provides us with an
understanding of the client’s inner world and how this world impacts the
relationship with others. Relational schemas are relational patterns that
were developed based on repeated experiences with significant others. They
describe how we relate to ourselves and how we establish relationships with
other people. The schemas can be adaptive or dysfunctional. In this chapter,
the authors propose three main psychotherapy tasks related to relational
schemas: developing decentred awareness of relational schemas, change of
dysfunctional relational schemas, and developing new adaptive schemas. They
discuss the process of memory reconsolidation as the main mechanism of
change of dysfunctional relational schemas. The process of memory
reconsolidation is based on neurological research, which shows that old
emotional learning can be revised at the neurological level. The authors
describe how the change of dysfunctional schemas occurs through the process
of memory reconsolidation and how mindfulness and compassion are crucial in
this process.
Mindfulness- and compassion-oriented integrative psychotherapy (MCIP) is a
process-based therapy, which is based on scientific research into processes
of change in psychotherapy. The chapter presents ...a new model, the
integrative model of processes of change, that describes the processes of
change that are related to different dimensions of human experience:
interpersonal, cognitive, affective, physiological, behavioural, spiritual,
and systemic/contextual. In the model mindfulness and compassion are
presented as meta-processes of change that enhance all other described
processes. The authors review the psychotherapy research studies related to
each process of change. They explain how processes of change can be enhanced
in the process of MCIP. The model of integrative processes of change helps
therapists to track the client’s experience from moment-to-moment and
encourage the relevant processes of change.
In this chapter, the authors describe the main relational methods and
interventions that invite the client into mindful awareness and
self-compassion. They present the keyhole model of relational ...mindfulness
and compassion, which is the integration of Erskine's keyhole model with the
processes of mindfulness and compassion. The model describes how mindfulness
and compassion can be enhanced by the relational methods of inquiry,
attunement and involvement. Brief transcripts of therapy sessions illustrate
how processes of the present moment, decentred awareness, acceptance and
compassion can be enhanced by different relational methods and
interventions. The model also provides the therapeutic direction related to
four main phases: 1) Promoting present moment and decentred awareness, 2)
Promoting acceptance, 3) Promoting self-compassion, and 4) Being a loving
witness to a client's vulnerability. These four phases promote integration
and transformation of dissociated self-states within an attuned therapeutic
relationship.
In this chapter, the authors describe fundamental methods of relational mindfulness and compassion that are crucial in all phases of mindfulness-and compassion-oriented integrative psychotherapy and are important for all of therapeutic tasks. By making processes central, this also opens the way for further integration of mindfulness- and compassion-oriented interventions with the relational methods of integrative psychotherapy. Mindfulness and compassion processes enhance contact with self and others and are an antidote to the interruptions to contact listed in the original model. Inquiry and involvement are two main relational methods for inviting the client into present moment, decentred awareness, acceptance, and self-compassion. Self-compassion is connected to the previously described interventions that enhance the processes of present moment awareness, decentred perspective, and acceptance, which facilitate mindful awareness. The intervention of normalisation helps clients to develop compassion for their way of coping. It conveys to the clients that their coping with situation and world was their best attempt to survive in that particular situation.
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