Urban contexts where children with a range of abilities, languages, and cultures are served demand unique teacher preparation models. This study contends that ensuring unrestrictive learning ...environments in inclusive bilingual classrooms, where multiple educators work together, requires teachers to attend to division-of-labor. Informed by cultural historical activity theory, this article explores the kinds of division-of-labor dynamics surfacing in 35 multivoiced postlesson discussions. The focus on division-of-labor surfaced the need for teachers to collectively attend to students’ learning while they “hold the center,” and purposefully centering student agency. The analysis offers insight for the preparation of teachers for inclusive bilingual classrooms.
At present, our ability to comprehend the dynamics of food systems and the consequences of their rapid 'transformations' is limited. In this paper, we propose to address this gap by exploring the ...interactions between the sustainability of food systems and a set of key drivers at the global scale. For this we compile a metric of 12 key drivers of food system from a globally-representative set of low, middle, and high-income countries and analyze the relationships between these drivers and a composite index that integrates the four key dimensions of food system sustainability, namely: food security & nutrition, environment, social, and economic dimensions. The two metrics highlight the important data gap that characterizes national systems' statistics-in particular in relation to transformation, transport, retail and distribution. Spearman correlations and Principal Component Analysis are then used to explore associations between levels of sustainability and drivers. With the exception of one economic driver (trade flows in merchandise and services), the majority of the statistically significant correlations found between food system sustainability and drivers appear to be negative. The fact that most of these negative drivers are closely related to the global demographic transition that is currently affecting the world population highlights the magnitude of the challenges ahead. This analysis is the first one that provides quantitative evidence at the global scale about correlations between the four dimensions of sustainability of our food systems and specific drivers.
•Pectin is an efficient inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in HCl.•Inhibition results from surface geometric blocking by chemisorbed species.•UV–visible data point to the formation of a complex ...between pectin and Fe2+ ions.
This work describes the successful performance of pectin as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution. The inhibition mechanism is discussed considering thermodynamics of adsorption and kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. Inhibition efficiency increases with temperature while the activation energy for the corrosion rate decreases with the addition of pectin. Pectin is a mixed-type inhibitor and the mode of inhibition results from the geometric blocking effect of chemisorbed inhibitive species at the metal surface. Spectroscopic analysis points to the formation of a complex between pectin and Fe2+ ions released during the corrosion reaction.
As I read “Revaluing Work after COVID‐19” (Collins, this issue), I wondered how was it that garment workers making the personal protective equipment (PPE) so desperately needed during the pandemic ...were never considered “essential workers.” As governments wrestled with the need to sustain their economies while safeguarding the health of citizens, keeping health infrastructures functioning, and ensuring the basic needs of populations could be met, they had to determine whose work was “essential.” As Collins (this issue) shows, these debates exceeded the “narrow technical meanings coming to signify workers who were putting their lives on the line to insure the well‐being of the rest of us.” Amidst celebrations of other “essential workers” and craftivists sewing masks from the comfort of their homes, the non‐essential essential labor of garment workers stayed on the margins of the historical memory of COVID‐19. This essay thinks with Collins to consider how garment workers got lost in between the scales of the national and transnational.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that produce lactic acid as the major product during the fermentation process. LAB are Gram-positive bacteria with great ...biotechnological potential in the food industry. They can produce bacteriocins, which are proteinaceous antimicrobial molecules with a diverse genetic origin, posttranslationally modified or not, that can help the producer organism to outcompete other bacterial species. In this review, we focus on the various types of bacteriocins that can be found in LAB and the organization and regulation of the gene clusters responsible for their production and biosynthesis, and consider the food applications of the prototype bacteriocins from LAB. Furthermore, we propose a revised classification of bacteriocins that can accommodate the increasing number of classes reported over the last years.
Children who learn at the crossroads of multiple identities are at risk of experiencing inequality at multiple levels. Intersectionality frameworks have illuminated the relationship between cultural ...and language differences and dis/abilities, but they can also help us surface the effects dis/ability labels have on language choices for emergent bilingual (EB) children. With the primary objective of assisting the field of Bilingual Special Education (BiSPED), and related fields, move forward, this narrative literature review addresses: (1) How does a dis/ability label impact EBs' opportunities to become fully bilingual/biliterate in their two languages? (2) What does existing research tell us about the learning of bilingual children with dis/abilities in bilingual programs? Findings show that emergent bilinguals have fewer opportunities than their peers to learn in bilingual programs when they have dis/abilities, even though research suggests they can learn bilingually at no additional cost. Implications for researchers and educators are discussed.
We monitored a close-spaced grid of 289 seed traps in 1.44 ha for 8.4 yr in an Amazonian floodplain forest. In a tree community containing hundreds of species, a median of just three to four species ...of tree seeds falls annually into each 0.5-m² establishment site. The number of seed species reaching a given site increased linearly with time for the duration of the monitoring period, indicating a roughly random arrival of seed species in a given site-year. The number of seed species captured each year over the entire grid ranged from one-third to one-half of the total captured over the 8.4 yr of monitoring, revealing a substantial temporal component of variation in the seed rain. Seed rain at the 0.5-m² scale displayed extreme spatial variability when all potentially viable seeds were tallied, whereas the rain of dispersed seeds was scant, more nearly uniform, and better mixed. Dispersal limitation, defined as failure of seeds to reach establishment sites, is ≥99% per year for a majority of species, explaining why seed augmentation experiments are often successful. Dispersal limitation has been evoked as an explanation for distance-dependent species turnover in tropical tree communities, but that interpretation contrasts with the fact that many Amazonian tree species possess large geographical ranges that extend for hundreds or thousands of kilometers. A better understanding of the processes that bridge the gap between the scales of seedling establishment and the regulation of forest composition will require new methodologies for studying dispersal on scales larger than those yet achieved.
•A quarter of the surveyed HCWs met criteria for acute stress disorder.•More than half of respondents reported symptoms related to a poor general health.•Organizational issues and perceived risks ...seem to affect HCW emotional and general health.•Modifiable factors are critical in preparing HCWs for a future epidemiological crisis.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the short-term impact of 2019-nCoV outbreak on the mental/psychological state of Spaniard health care workers (HCWs) and to explore the influencing factors, including organizational factors.
: A web-based survey (Google forms questionnaire) spread via professional and scientific associations, professional WhatsApp and email lists, following a snowball technique was used. Data were collected from May 11th and May 31st, 2020
: A total of 1407 subjects were included in final analyses. 24.7% (348 out of 1407) of HCWs reported symptoms of acute stress (SARS-Q measurement) and 53.6% (754 out of 1407) reported symptoms related to poorer general health (GHQ-28 measurement). A higher risk of having an acute stress disorder was associated to being female, not having access to protective material, and several subjects´ perceived risks. Additionally, poorer overall general health (GHQ>24) was related to being female, working in a geographical area with a high incidence of infection, not being listened to by your co-workers, having a greater perception of stress at work and being able to transmit the infection to others.
: We must consider a likely memory bias.
: The high prevalence of affective and general health symptoms among the HCWs and the critical influence of organizational issues and subjects´ perceived risk should lead health authorities to design future strategies to protect health professional force for facing a potential upcoming epidemiological crisis.
1. The operation of ‘negative density-dependence' in seedling cohorts in tropical forests is empirically well-established, but only at a phenomenological level that leaves open the question of why ...seedlings conspecific with an overtopping parent tree experience higher mortality than heterospecifics. The distinction is of theoretical importance because distinct mechanisms are involved. 2. We consider the two most debated possibilities: seedling mortality resulting from classical Lotka-Volterra density-dependence and seedling mortality resulting from the action of biotic agents, as postulated for the Janzen-Connell mechanism. Our study is the first to identify the full spectrum of mortality factors affecting both conspecific and heterospecific members of seedling cohorts. 3. We took advantage of the occurrence of ‘seedling carpets', dense concentrations of seedlings that appear following fruiting events under reproductive individuals of some species. In these ‘carpets', seedlings conspecific with the overtopping parent tree predominate numerically, but heterospecific seedlings are also typically present. Here, we investigated the differential survival of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings under focal trees of four species: Calatola microcarpa (Icacinaceae), Clarisia racemosa (Moraceae), Matisia cordata (Bombacaceae/Malvaceae) and Sorocea pileata (Moraceae). 4. We show that mortality rates of conspecific seedlings are much higher than those of heterospecific seedlings and that most conspecific mortality (64-100%) resulted from host-restricted arthropod herbivores and/or fungal pathogens, whereas the mortality of heterospecific seedlings resulted from a variety of other causes. 5. Synthesis. Conspecific seedlings died following attack by apparently host-restricted arthropods or fungi and eventually experienced 100% mortality. The results are inconsistent with classical intra- and inter-specific competition and consistent with the actions of distance-responsive and/or density-responsive ‘enemies', as postulated 40 years ago by Janzen and Connell.
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