Human life has been significantly impacted by the creation and spread of novel species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and virus strains that are difficult to manage. Scientists and researchers have ...recently been motivated to seek out alternatives and other sources of safe and ecologically friendly active chemicals that have a powerful and effective effect against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria as a result of all these hazards and problems. In this review, endophytic fungi and their bioactive compounds and biomedical applications were discussed. Endophytes, a new category of microbial source that can produce a variety of biological components, have major values for study and broad prospects for development. Recently, endophytic fungi have received much attention as a source for new bioactive compounds. In addition, the variety of natural active compounds generated by endophytes is due to the close biological relationship between endophytes and their host plants. The bioactive compounds separated from endophytes are usually classified as steroids, xanthones, terpenoids, isocoumarins, phenols, tetralones, benzopyranones and enniatines. Moreover, this review discusses enhancement methods of secondary metabolites production by fungal endophytes which include optimization methods, co-culture method, chemical epigenetic modification and molecular-based approaches. Furthermore, this review deals with different medical applications of bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer activities in the last 3 years.
Background
The eggplant suffers from many biotic stresses that cause severe damage to crop production. One of the most destructive eggplant pathogens is
Alternaria solani
, which causes early blight ...disease. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of fungal endophytes in protecting eggplant against early blight as well as in improving its growth performance.
Results
Endophytic
Aspergillus terreus
was isolated from
Ocimum basilicum
leaves and identified morphologically and genetically. In vitro, crude extract of endophytic
A. terreus
exhibited promising antifungal activity against
A. solani
where minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1.25 mg/ml. Severity of the disease and rate of protection from the disease were recorded. Vegetative growth indices, physiological resistance signs (photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes), and isozymes were estimated.
Alternaria solani
caused a highly disease severity (87.5%) and a noticeable decreasing in growth characteristics and photosynthetic pigments except for carotenoids. Also, infection with
A. solani
caused significant decreases in the contents of carbohydrate and protein by 29.94% and 10.52%, respectively. Infection with
A. solani
caused enhancement in phenolics (77.21%), free proline (30.56%), malondialdehyde (30.26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (125.47%), catalase (CAT) (125.93%), peroxidase (POD) (25.07%) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (125.37%) compared to healthy plants. In contrast, the use of
A. terreus
on infected plants succeeded in recovering eggplants from the disease, as the disease severity was recorded (caused protection by 66.67%). Application of
A. terreus
either on healthy or infected eggplants showed several responses in number and density of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isozymes.
Conclusion
It is necessary for us to address the remarkable improvement in the photosynthetic pigments, protein, carbohydrates, and enzymatic activity compared to infected control, which opens the way for more studies on the use of biocides as safe alternatives against fungal diseases.
A new strategy regarding the fabrication of chitosan (CS) or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on graphene oxide (GO) was performed. The nematocidal potential against Meloidogyne incognita ...causing root-knot infection in eggplant was tested. The plant immune response was investigated through measuring the photosynthetic pigments, phenols and proline contents, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes activity. Results indicating that, the treatment by pure GO recorded the most mortality percentages of M. incognita 2nd juveniles followed by GO-CS then GO-EDTA. In vivo greenhouse experiments reveals that, the most potent treatment in reducing nematodes was GO-CS which recorded 85.42%, 75.3%, 55.5%, 87.81%, and 81.32% in numbers of 2nd juveniles, galls, females, egg masses and the developmental stage, respectively. The highest chlorophyll a (104%), chlorophyll b (46%), total phenols (137.5%), and free proline (145.2%) were recorded in GO-CS. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) value was achieved by GO-EDTA (7.22%), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content by 47.51% after the treatment with pure GO. Treatment with GO-CS increased the activities of catalase (CAT) by 98.3%, peroxidase (POD) by 97.52%, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 113.8%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 42.43%. The synthesized nanocomposites increases not only the nematocidal activity but also the plant systematic immune response.
Abstract The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating a new approach to control wilt diseases using Jania ethyl acetate extract. In the current investigation, the potential impacts of Jania sp. ...ethyl acetate extract (JE) on Tomato Fusarium oxysporum wilt (FOW) have been studied. The in vitro antifungal potential of JE against F. oxysporum (FO) was examined. GC–MS investigation of the JE revealed that, the compounds possessing fungicidal action were Phenol,2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-,acetate, Eugenol, Caryophyllene oxide, Isoespintanol, Cadinene, Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5à-ol and Copaen. Jania sp. ethyl acetate extract exhibited strong antifungal potential against FO, achieving a 20 mmzone of inhibition. In the experiment, two different methods were applied: soil irrigation (SI) and foliar application (FS) of JE. The results showed that both treatments reduced disease index present DIP by 20.83% and 33.33% respectively. The findings indicated that during FOW, proline, phenolics, and the antioxidant enzymes activity increased, while growth and photosynthetic pigments decreased. The morphological features, photosynthetic pigments, total phenol content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of infected plants improved when JE was applied through soil or foliar methods. It is interesting to note that the application of JE had a substantially less negative effect on the isozymes peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in tomato plants, compared to FOW. These reactions differed depending on whether JE was applied foliarly or via the soil. Finally, the use of Jania sp. could be utilized commercially as an ecologically acceptable method to protect tomato plants against FOW.
Background
Tomato plant (
Solanum lycopersicum
L.) suffers from numerous fungal pathogens that cause damage to yeild production qualitatively and quantitatively. One of the most destructive disease ...of tomato is
Fusarium
wilt that caused by soil borne fungus called
F. oxysporum
.
Methods
In this study, the anti-
Fusarium
capabilities of the foliar application of fungal endophytes extracts have been investigated on tomato under
Fusarium
challenges. Antifungal assay, inhibition of conidial germination, disease severity, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, secondary metabolites, oxidative stress, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) isozymes were tested for potential resistance of tomato growing under
Fusarium
infection.
Results
Ethyl acetate extracts of
A. flavus
MZ045563,
A. fumigatus
MZ045562 and
A. nidulans
MZ045561 exhibited antifungal activity toward
F. oxysporum
where inhibition zone diameters were 15, 12 and 20 mm, respectively. Moreover, extracts of all fungal isolates at concentration 7.5 mg/mL reduced conidia germination from 94.4 to 100%.
Fusarium
infection caused a destructive effects on tomato plant, high severity desiese index 84.37%, reduction in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble protein. However, contents of proline, total phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) and antioxidant enzymes activity were increased in tomato plants grown under
Fusarium
wilt. Treatment of healthy or infected tomato plants by ethyl acetate fungal extracts showed improvements in morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, total phenol and antioxidant enzymes activity. Besides, the harmful impacts of
Fusarium
wilt disease on tomato plants have also been reduced by lowering MDA and H
2
O
2
levels. Also, treated tomato plants showed different responses in number and density of POD and PPO isozymes.
Conclusion
It could be suggested that application of ethyl acetate extracts of tested fungal endophytes especially combination of
A. flavus, A. nidulans
and
A. fumigatus
could be commercially used as safe biostimulation of tomato plants as well as biofungicide against tomato
Fusarium
wilt disease.
An accurate, sensitive and selective RP-HPLC-UV method has been established for the estimation of Molnupiravir (MOL) in pure bulk powder and pharmaceutical formulation. Separation was achieved on an ...Inertsil C
18
column (150.0 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm), using a mobile phase of 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 : acetonitrile (80 : 20, v/v%) in isocratic mode with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min
−1
. The
λ
max
of MOL prepared in the chosen diluent (ethanol : water in equal proportions) was found to be 230.0 nm. The constructed calibration curve was found to be linear in the concentration range of 0.2-80.0 μg mL
−1
. The recovery% of MOL using the proposed method was 100.29%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.04 μg mL
−1
and 0.12 μg mL
−1
, respectively. No significant interference was detected in the presence of the common pharmaceutical formulation excipients. The method was validated following the ICH recommendations. All the obtained results were statistically compared with those using reported methods and there were no significant differences. The method developed in this work was successfully employed for the assessment of MOL in bulk powder and pharmaceutical formulation.
An accurate, sensitive and selective RP-HPLC-UV method has been established for the estimation of Molnupiravir (MOL) in pure bulk powder and pharmaceutical formulation.
Fusarium wilt is considered one of the most destructive diseases for tomato plants. The novelty of this work was to investigate the antifungal and plant growth-promoting capabilities of some plant ...growth-promoting fungi (PGPF). Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) improved the plant health and control plant infections. In this study, two fungal strains as PGPF were isolated and identified as
Aspergillus fumigatus
and
Rhizopus oryzae
using molecular method. The extracts of
A. fumigatus
and
R. oryzae
exhibited promising antifungal activity against
F. oxysporum
in vitro
.
Moreover, antagonistic effect of
A. fumigatus
and
R. oryzae
against
F. oxysporum
causing tomato wilt disease was evaluated in vivo. Disease severity and growth markers were recorded and in vitro antagonistic activity assay of the isolated
A. fumigatus
and
R. oryzae
against
Fusarium oxysporum
was measured. Physiological markers of defense in plant as response to stimulate systemic resistance (SR) were recorded. Our results indicated that
A. fumigatus
and
R. oryzae
decreased the percentage of disease severity by 12.5 and 37.5%, respectively. In addition, they exhibited relatively high protection percentage of 86.35 and 59.06% respectively.
Fusarium
wilt was declined the growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble carbohydrate, and total soluble protein, whereas content of free proline, total phenols, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes activity increased under infection. Moreover, application of
A. fumigatus
and
R. oryzae
on infected plants successfully recovered the loss of morphological traits, photosynthetic pigment total carbohydrates, and total soluble proteins in comparison to infected control plants. PGPF strains in both non-infected and infected plants showed several responses in number and density of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isozymes.
The threats to the life and production of crops are exacerbated by climate change and the misuse of chemical pesticides. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of biosynthesized silica ...nanoparticles (SiO
-NPs) as an alternative to pesticides against early blight disease of eggplant. Antifungal activity, disease index, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes activities were tested for potential tolerance of eggplant infected with
. Silica nanoparticles were successfully biosynthesized using
through green and ecofriendly method. Results revealed that SiO
-NPs exhibited promising antifungal activity against
where MIC was 62.5 µg/mL, and inhibition growth at concentration 1000 µg/mL recorded 87.8%. The disease Index (DI) as a result of infection with
reached 82.5%, and as a result, a severe decrease in stem and root length and number of leaves occurred, which led to a sharp decrease in the photosynthetic pigments. However, contents of free proline, total phenol and antioxidant enzymes activity were increased in infected plants. On the other hand, the treatment with SiO
-NPs 100 ppm led to a great reduction in the disease Index (DI) by 25% and a high protection rate by 69.69%. A clear improvement in growth characteristics and a high content of chlorophyll and total carotenoids was also observed in the plants as a result of treatment with silica nanoparticles in (healthy and infected) plants. Interestingly, the noticeable rise in the content of infected and healthy plants of proline and phenols and an increase in the activity of super oxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). It could be suggested that foliar application of SiO
-NPs especially 100 ppm could be commercially used as antifungal and strong inducer of plant physiological immunity against early blight disease.
