Primary studies estimate consumers' willingness to pay for a single or a couple of coffee ecolabelling in a single country and occasionally across countries. The estimates are not beyond explaining ...consumers' willingness to pay for a specific attribute in that particular study area. This creates uncertainty in disentangling heterogeneity in the effect size within the same country and across countries which can be associated with publication bias and/or other factors. We apply a meta−analysis that combines individual willingness to pay (n = 97) from 22 primary studies to estimate average effect size for each attribute and explore factors that explain heterogeneity in the effect size in the last 15 years. Our descriptive analysis results designate that consumers' willingness to pay for a pound of Organic, Country of Origin Labeling, and Fairtrade coffee is positive and significant. The meta−model results show that Organic attribute is the most important factor that affects willingness to pay for eco−coffee. Compared to other stated preference methods, choice experiment has the potential to reduce hypothetical bias and precisely estimate the effect size. The difference in the effect size across regions indicates consumers' preference heterogeneity for coffee ecolabelling. In general, despite the debate that the existence of multiple ecolabelling in the market may cause a decline in consumers' trust and willingness to pay overtime, our study concludes that consumers’ purchase behavior in selected countries is pro−eco−coffee.
Coffee; Ecolabelling; Effect size; Hypothetical bias; Meta−analysis; Willingness to pay.
The most common household fuel utilized in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is kerosene, liquified petroleum of gas (LPG), firewood, charcoal, and electricity. These energy commodities are ...contributing to simplify people's life. They are used in satisfying energy demands such as cooking, heating, and lighting for every single home. The energy prices were collected from 2010 to 2021, and we forecasted from 2022 to 2024. There is data available from 2010–2021 about prices for some of these commodities, but they are scattered, narrow, and in some cases, there is just a general-referred value for the whole nation and only for a single year from the past. These situations have limited the development of economic studies which undertake analyses regarding consumers’ behavior. The forecasted fares for kerosene and LPG were calculated under the basis of accessible information but limited by the National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria. The available electricity tariffs were collected from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission from the existing eleven private electricity distribution companies (DISCOS). In the case of firewood and charcoal, the costs were estimated departing from the research work of Gujba et al. 1. In the second part, we specify the way how data was obtained and its treatment for specific time periods. The statistics include the values for each fuel in the different geopolitical regions and for the most popular presentations available to the end customers. The forecasting was developed for past and future years during the under-study period of time. The information presented in the article refers to the research study: Urban and rural household energy transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does spatial heterogeneity reveal the direction of the transition?
Understanding the dynamic behaviour of Sub-Saharan African households as they move along the energy ladder is essential for the energy transition in developing countries. This study applies Fixed and ...Random effect panel data models to analyse the drivers of rural and urban households' energy transition in Nigeria from 2010 to 2018. The estimation results from the panel models with robust standard errors show that rural households tend to increase their expenses on fuel sources that potentially substitute the energy source whose prices have increased. However, there is no significant relationship between the price and expenditure on different fuels in urban households. Irrespective of spatiality, we find that aside from income – education, household size, and internet access are essential drivers of household fuel choices. More importantly, we find evidence of reverse energy transition. We argue that this reverse energy transition limits the shift to cleaner fuels and increases the economic vulnerabilities of rural households. Our analysis also reveals that Nigerians’ preference for fuels is shifting to be price inelastic. We make a strong case for policies and interventions that raise household income, empower women, reduce the cost of living, and improve clean and affordable energy access to encourage energy transition.
•Analyse the drivers of rural and urban households' energy transition in Nigeria.•Irrespective of spatiality, income, education, family size are essential drivers.•We found evidence of reverse energy transition in Nigerian households.•Nigerians' preference for fuels is shifting to be price inelastic.•We make a strong case for policies and interventions for energy transition.
Illegal firewood collection from public and private forests in Tasmania, Australia is widespread and is a challenging problem to control. The practice has adverse effects on habitat areas and ...depresses the market price of all firewood (legal and illegal). While Tasmania has developed a body of legislation, rules and policies over time, the problem has persisted. This study utilises an Institutional Analysis and Development framework to assess existing arrangements of firewood collection and identifies potential strategies that will aid in controlling the problem. We conduct a review of legislation, rules and policies and undertake in−depth, semi−structured interviews with purposively selected informants (n = 20) from eleven Tasmanian firewood industry−affiliated entities. Through this process, we identify key governance challenges associated with enforcement and information. We find a need for extending authority to enforce rules and enhancing community education to raise awareness about the social, ecological and economic effects of illegal harvesting. We recommend trialling new technologies such as small unmanned aerial vehicles to detect hotspots and developing a labelling system to support development of a legitimate firewood supply chain in the State. In combination, these measures may aid in reducing this long-standing issue.
•Illegal firewood collection has a negative impact on habitat areas.•Drivers of the practice are economic coupled with lack of community knowledge.•Institutional analysis identified resourcing of enforcement and consumer information as challenges.•Remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles can aid in detecting and monitoring hotspots.•A labelling system will aid the development of a legitimate firewood supply chain.
Recognizing that community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approaches have had mixed success in pastoral rangelands, this paper compares five case studies-two from Kenya, two from Ethiopia ...and one from Tunisia-to identify aspects of social-ecological context that affect the implementation and success of CBNRM in pastoral settings. Data for each case was collected following a common protocol. Among the characteristics that emerged from our study as important were socio-political and biophysical characteristics of the wider landscape within which the community's rangeland territory is located and the extent to which that territory is circumscribed by some combination of other land uses and land tenure types, major political boundaries, and physical landscape features. The analysis of these cases suggests that where pastoralist communities coexist in large, open rangeland landscapes, rather than a narrowly community-based approach, natural resource management interventions need to be explicitly multi-level and horizontally flexible.
The multilayer structure is a promising technique used to minimize the size of planar microstrip filters. In the flexible design and incorporation of other microwave components, multilayer band-pass ...filter results in better and enhanced dimensions. This paper introduces a microstrip fifth-generation (5G) low-frequency band of 2.52-2.65 GHz using a parallel-coupled line (PCL) Bandpass filter and multilayer (ML) hairpin bandpass filter. The targeted four-pole resonator has a center frequency of 2.58 GHz with a bandwidth of 130 MHz. The filters are designed with a 0.1 dB passband ripple with a Chebyshev response. The hairpin-line offers compact filter design structures. Theoretically, they can be obtained by bending half-wavelength resonator resonators with parallel couplings into a "U" shape. The proposed configuration of the parallel-coupled line resonator is used to design the ML band-pass filter. The FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant ({\epsilon}r) of 4.3 and 1.6 mm thickness was used. A comparative analysis between the simulated insertion loss and the reflection coefficient of substrates RO3003 and FR4 was performed to validate the efficiency of the proposed filter design. Simulation of PCL filter is accomplished using computer simulation technology (CST) and an advanced design system (ADS) software. The PCL Bandpass filter was experimentally validated and a total tally between simulation results and measured results were achieved demonstrating a well-measured reflection coefficient. The simulated results obtained by the hairpin ML bandpass filter show that the circuit performs well in terms of Scattering(S) parameters and the filter size is significantly reduced.
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