•Amylose content of N. lotus rhizome and seed starches are not significantly different.•N. lotus seed starch showed smallest granular size as compared to rhizome starch.•Starch isolated from N. lotus ...rhizome and seed showed A-type polymorph.•Setback viscosity of N. lotus seed starch indicates high tendency of regrogradation.•Cooking temperature of N. lotus rhizome starch was lower than maize but no significant difference between N. lotus seed and maize starches.
In this study, starches were isolated from rhizomes and seeds of water lily (Nymphaea lotus) using cold distilled water. The structural and physicochemical properties of the isolated starches were compared with potato, rice, and maize starches. The amylose content (g/100 g) of rhizome, seed, potato, rice, and maize was 23.03, 24.5. 25.17, 21.26, and 19.83, respectively. The SEM granule size (µm) of rhizome, seed, potato, and maize starches were 11.19±3.69, 3.56±0.92, 30.63±11.09, and 7.97±1.48, respectively. The X-ray diffraction polymorph of rhizome, seed, rice, and maize demonstrated type A, whereas potato exhibited B-type. The deconvoluted ATR-FTIR indicates low level of ordered structure in the external region of rhizome starch. The RVA pasting temperature (71.9 °C) and setback viscosity (1292.5 cP) of rhizome was lower than seed (78.3 °C and 3228.5 cP, respectively). However, peak viscosity (7201 cP) of rhizome was higher than seed (4105 cP). Rhizome and seed starches can be used where high viscosifying than rice and maize starches and better shear breakdown resistance than potato starches are required. This study indicated starches of N. lotus have medium amylose%, small granular size, hydrophillic nature, and high peak viscosity of potential to promote for development of products in food and non-food industries.
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This review was aimed to summarize the extent and causes of fish post‐harvest losses (FPHLs) in Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries and suggests the necessary intervention measures to narrow the gap ...between demand and supply. Globally, an estimate of 10–12 million tons of fish is lost per year. FPHLs in SSA are higher than those in other parts of the world. In SSA, the values of fisheries are estimated at 24 billion USD, 1.26% of the GDP of all the African countries and 6% of agriculture GDP. The vast majority of FPHLs in SSA occur at the production (39%), handling (36%), distribution (13%), processing (7%) and consumption (5%). The major factors that cause FPHLs in SSA were long time spent in hauling of fishing gears, spoilage, size discrimination, species preferences, operational losses, animal predation, poor handling practices, lengthy duration of fishing cycle, failure to use ice, lack of storage facilities, lack of transportation and insect infestation. FPHLs amount one third of total production and financial losses of 2–5 billion USD in SSA countries. Furthermore, volarization of fish waste and converting waste into useful substances is a promising approach to reduce fish waste. It can be recommended that improving fish production, live fish handling, processing, preserving, and marketing in SSA could narrow the gap between fish demand and supply.
In SSA, the values of fisheries are estimated at 24 billion USD, 1.26% of the GDP of all African countries and 6% of agriculture GDP. Fish post‐harvest losses amounts an economic losses of 2‐5 billion USD in SSA countries.
•Water lilies and lotus are good source of food, nutrition and medicine.•Carbohydrate is the major sources of water lilies and lotus.•Phenolic and flavonoids are the main phytochemicals in water ...lilies and lotus.•Phytochemicals are responsible for health benefits of water lilies and lotus.
Water lilies and lotus are regarded as good source of food, nutrition, and medicinal purposes. This review assessed scientific evidence for application of fifteen species of water lilies and lotus as functional and nutraceutical food ingredient in food and pharmaceutical industries. The nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of lotus and water lilies were reviewed. Additionally, the health benefits of water lilies and lotus as anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, and anticancer were highlighted. Water lilies and lotus could be commercially cultivated, harvested and processed to feed the increasing human population. Future studies should be conducted on physicochemical, thermal, rheological and pasting properties of major components i.e. starch of water lilies and lotus. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies should be explored to address safety, toxicity and cytotoxicity of water lilies and lotus for application in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Conventional packaging offers protection, containment, communication, and convenience to packaged food. The most commonly used packaging materials are petrochemical-based plastics which generate ...massive wastes that persist for a long time in the environment after their use. Bio-based materials are the best option to replace this synthetic plastic. This review presents the importance of packaging fish products using polysaccharides, proteins, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acids, pullulan, and xanthan gums loaded with different nanofillers and bioactive molecules. Bio-based smart materials easily decompose into carbon dioxide, methane, water, and inorganic compounds. Biopolymers can be produced from natural biomass, bio-monomers, and microorganisms. These biopolymers demonstrate excellent physiochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties when mixed or alone as fish packaging materials. Integration of nanofillers and bioactive molecules improves mechanical, gas barrier, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of bio-based materials. Bioactive molecules like anthocyanins, betalains, curcumin, and clove oil are sensitive to pH, temperature, light, and time. Bioactive molecules can be loaded into bio-based packaging materials to monitor the real-time freshness of fish products during storage. It is concluded that bio-based smart materials have the potential for fish packaging, do not harm the environment, and easily interact with nanofillers and bioactive molecules.
ABSTRACT
Pigeon pea is one of the most multipurpose grain legumes in the tropical and subtropical world. It is highly resilient to climate change due to drought tolerance. It ranks sixth following ...common beans, chickpeas, field peas, cowpeas, and lentils globally. Pigeon pea is an excellent source of high‐quality protein, essential amino acids, and minerals. Furthermore, pigeon pea is endowed with valuable water‐soluble vitamins such as thiamin, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and niacin. With low levels of saturated fat and sodium and being cholesterol free, pigeon peas emerge as a nutritious dietary choice. Pigeon peas are rich sources of bioactive compounds with various potential health properties, including anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic effects. Pigeon peas can be consumed in diverse forms, including whole seeds, split seeds (known as dhal), vegetables using green seeds, and fresh pods. Moreover, pigeon peas find application in a variety of food products, including bread, pasta, noodles, snacks, and biscuits. Despite their nutritional and medicinal properties, pigeon peas remain among the least utilized legumes globally. This review paper aims to provide up‐to‐date information on the nutritional compositions, bioactive compounds, food applications, and health benefits of pigeon peas.
Global food problems have challenged organizations to explore the possibility of using neglected aquatic plants as supplementary food. This study was aimed to characterize nutrients, antinutrients, ...phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacities of water lily (Nymphaea lotus). Ethnobotanical survey identified four macrophytes are edible by the local communities. The lethal dose of N. lotus extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The highest protein content (23.6%) was found in rhizome of N. lotus. Higher amount of potassium was found in stem of N. lotus (30400 mg/kg) and rhizome of Arundo donax (16600 mg/kg). Leucine was the most abundant essential amino acid in all of the samples while methionine was found in the low concentration. The protein and essential amino acids contents make N. lotus a useful food. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.77 to 5.77 mg GAE/g. The presence of phytochemicals in these edible freshwater macrophyte are great medicinal importance. A higher half inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH (24.48 μg/mL), and ABTS (0.4 μg/mL) free radicals scavenging was reported from Typha latifolia. It was concluded that, these edible freshwaters are safe for consumption as the median lethal dose is higher than 5000 mg/kg, and trace metals are negligible.
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•The LD50 extracts of N. lotus was greater than 5000 mg/kg in rats.•The rhizome of N. lotus had the highest protein content.•Potassium was the highest and mercury was the lowest element in all plants.•Leucine was the most abundantly found essential amino acid in all plants.•T. latifola extracts had a higher DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities.
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