Supermartensitic steels are a new class of martensitic stainless steels developed to obtain higher corrosion resistance and better toughness through the reduction of carbon content, and addition of ...Ni and Mo. They were developed to more critical applications or to improve the performance obtained with conventional grades AISI 410, 420, and 431. In this study, the influences of the tempering parameters on the microstructure, mechanical properties (hardness and toughness), and sensitization of a Ti-alloyed supermartensitc stainless steel were investigated. The material showed temper embrittlement in the 400–600 °C range, as detected by low temperature (−46 °C) impact tests. The degree of sensitization measured by double loop reactivation potentiodynamic tests increased continuously with the increase of tempering temperature above 400 °C. Healing due to Cr diffusion at high tempering temperatures was not observed. Double tempered specimens showed high amounts (>20%) of reverse austenite but their toughness were similar to specimens single tempered at 625 and 650 °C.
Healthcare agents, in particular in the oncology field, are currently collecting vast amounts of diverse patient data. In this context, some decision-support systems, mostly based on deep learning ...techniques, have already been approved for clinical purposes. Despite all the efforts in introducing artificial intelligence methods in the workflow of clinicians, its lack of interpretability - understand how the methods make decisions - still inhibits their dissemination in clinical practice. The aim of this article is to present an easy guide for oncologists explaining how these methods make decisions and illustrating the strategies to explain them. Theoretical concepts were illustrated based on oncological examples and a literature review of research works was performed from PubMed between January 2014 to September 2020, using "deep learning techniques," "interpretability" and "oncology" as keywords. Overall, more than 60% are related to breast, skin or brain cancers and the majority focused on explaining the importance of tumor characteristics (e.g. dimension, shape) in the predictions. The most used computational methods are multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks. Nevertheless, despite being successfully applied in different cancers scenarios, endowing deep learning techniques with interpretability, while maintaining their performance, continues to be one of the greatest challenges of artificial intelligence.
Abstract
Within the cold regions of space, ices that are enriched with carbon monoxide (CO) molecules are exposed to ionizing radiation, which triggers new reactions and desorption processes. ...Laboratory studies on astrochemical ices employing different projectiles have revealed the appearance of several new species. In this study, we employed the upgraded PROCODA code, which involves a calculation phase utilizing thermochemistry data, to map the chemical evolution of pure CO ice irradiated by cosmic-ray analogs. In the model, we have considered 18 different chemical species (six observed: CO, CO
2
, C
3
, O
3
, C
2
O, and C
5
O
3
; 12 unobserved: C, O, C
2
, O
2
, CO
3
, C
3
O, C
4
O, C
5
O, C
2
O
2
, C
2
O
3
, C
3
O
2
, and C
4
O
2
) coupled at 156 reaction routes. Our best-fit model provides effective reaction rates (effective rate constants, (ERCs)), branching ratios for reactions within reaction groups, several desorption parameters, and the characterization of molecular abundances at the chemical equilibrium (CE) phase. The most abundant species within the ice at the CE phase were atomic oxygen (68.2%) and atomic carbon (18.2%), followed by CO (11.8%) and CO
2
(1.6%). The averaged modeled desorption yield and rate were 1.3e5 molecules ion
−1
and 7.4e13 molecules s
−1
, respectively, while the average value of ERCs in the radiation-induced dissociation reactions was 2.4e-1 s
−1
and for the bimolecular reactions it was 4.4e-24 cm
3
molecule
−1
s
−1
. We believe that the current kinetics study can be used in future astrochemical models to better understand the chemical evolution of embedded species within astrophysical ices under the presence of an ionizing radiation field.
Biomedical cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloys have been used in the cast or wrought form as prosthetic implant materials for more than five decades. Recently, additive manufacturing ...techniques are employed to produce parts directly from metal precursor powder with a composition suitable for biomedical applications. In the work present, we examine both mechanical behaviour and γ→ε phase transformation in the heat treated Co-Cr-Mo alloy fabricated via additive manufacturing route. Results suggest, that selection of appropriate heat treatment and control of martensitic transformation can significantly influence mechanical properties. The studied Co-Cr-Mo alloy can be considered as a potential material for biomedical applications.
Sustainable farming of fish species depends on emerging new feed ingredients, which can alter the features of the digestive tract and influence animals' overall health. Recent research has shown that ...functional feeds hold great potential for enhancing fish robustness by evoking appropriate responses at the intestine level. However, there is a lack of extensive and accurate descriptions of the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of most farmed fish. We have characterised the intestine of European seabass thoroughly, by targeting four segments - anterior, mid, posterior and rectum. Results indicated that the anterior segment is mostly associated with absorption-related features; this segment has the largest absorptive area, the longest villi, and the highest number of neutral goblet cells (GC). The posterior segment and rectum have distinct histomorphometric features, but both seem to be important for immunity, displaying the highest count of acid GC and the highest expression of immune-related genes. The strongest proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) signal was observed in the anterior intestine and rectum, with PCNA
cells appearing at the base of the villi and the corresponding villi branches. We have also evaluated the impact of a novel feed supplemented with a macro- and microalgae blend and found that there were no differences in terms of growth. However, the alterations observed in the mid intestine of fish fed the blend, such as thickening of the submucosa and lamina propria, an increased number of leucocytes, and higher expression of immune- and oxidative stress-related genes, suggest that algae may have an immunomodulatory effect. In the current article, we have described the morphology and expression patterns of the intestine segments of European seabass in detail and have presented a comprehensive report of the indices and methods used for the semi-quantitative and quantitative histomorphometric assessments, thereby providing useful information for future studies that aim to maintain intestinal health through dietary interventions.
This work presents a systematic investigation of the influence of time and temperature in the sensitization of stainless steel AISI 304L, AISI 316L, AISI 321 and AISI 347 pipes used in petroleum ...refining plants. The sensitization was assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) according to ASTM A-262 and by the Double Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation test (DLEPR). The results showed that all steels did not present sensitization at operating temperature (380°C) in the desulfurizers process, but the temperature of 500°C was critical to the appearing of sensitization for the both low carbon stainless steels and AISI 321 SS, while for the AISI 347 the critical temperature was 550°C. The stabilized steels confirmed to be more resistant to sensitization than the low carbon stainless steels, and niobium showed to be more efficient stabilizing agent than titanium.
•Lipophilic fraction of Portuguese Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta macroalgae was studied.•The four macroalgae present a high content in fatty acids and sterols.•Codium tomentosum shows to be a valuable ...source of stigmasterol and α-tocopherol.•The studied macroalgae are rich in phytochemicals important in human diet and health.
A detailed study of the lipophilic composition of Codium tomentosum, Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria vermiculophylla and Chondrus crispus macroalgae cultivated in the Portuguese coast was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry before and after alkaline hydrolysis. Their long-chain aliphatic alcohols and monoglycerides compositions are reported for the first time. Additionally, other new compounds were also identified: phytol and neophytadiene in C. tomentosum, U. lactuca and G. vermiculophylla and stigmasterol, α-tocopherol and 24-methylenecholesterol in C. tomentosum. The lipophilic fraction of the studied macroalgae are mainly constituted by fatty acids (110.1–1030.5mgkg−1 of dry material) and sterols (14.8–1309.1mgkg−1 of dry material). C. tomentosum showed to be a valuable source of stigmasterol (1229.0mgkg−1 of dry material) and α-tocopherol (21.8mgkg−1 of dry material). These results are a relevant contribution for the valorisation of these macroalgae species as sources of valuable phytochemicals.
is an edible brown macroalga, with health benefits associated with its consumption and also a source of bioactive molecules. It is acknowledged that the biochemical composition of macroalgae changes ...when exposed to different environmental conditions occurring on different habitats, such as the water temperature, and light intensity. In the present study, the polar lipidome of
was characterized for the first time using modern high-resolution HILIC-MS, and MS/MS approaches, to evaluate the phenotypic variability in two seasons of the year, e.g., winter and spring. A total of 187 molecular species were identified over eighteen classes of glycolipids, phospholipids and betaine lipids. Principal component analysis (PCA) multivariate statistical analysis and cluster analysis of polar lipid classes, polar lipid species and total fatty acids (FA) datasets, showed clustering according to the seasonal groups. While the lipid profile of
harvested in the winter and spring yielded the same molecular species, the relative abundance of these species was significantly different. In the winter, changes were mainly due to the increased relative abundance of some molecular species of glycolipids and phospholipids, bearing octadeca(poly)enoic (18:3, 18:4) and eicosa(poly)enoic (20:4, 20:5) FA and betaine lipids species with short saturated FA (14:0) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Importantly, glycolipids with
-3 PUFA and sulfolipids, have been reported to have important biological activities and therapeutic value. Overall,
is a promising source of bioactive compounds that can be used as functional food or ingredients for human nutrition, feed, pharma, and cosmetic formulations. In this study, samples harvested in the winter season maximized yields of these bioactive components, when compared with samples harvested in the spring.
is a commercial seaweed consumed all over the world, mostly in the shape of nori sheets used for "sushi" preparation. It is a well-known part of the Asian diet with health benefits, which have been ...associated, among others, to the high levels of
-3 and
6 fatty acids in this red alga. However, other highly valued lipids of
are polar lipids that remain largely undescribed and can have both nutritional value and bioactivity, thus could contribute to the valorization of this seaweed. In this context, the present work aims to identify the lipidome of two life cycle stages of the Atlantic species
: the early life stage conchocelis produced in an indoor-nursery, and young blades produced outdoors using an integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) framework. Both the blades (gametophyte) and conchocelis (sporophyte) are commercialized in the food and cosmetics sectors. Liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Exactive high resolution-mass spectrometry (MS) platform was used to gain insight into the lipidome of these species. Our results allowed the identification of 110 and 100 lipid molecular species in the lipidome of the blade and conchocelis, respectively. These lipid molecular species were distributed as follows (blade/conchocelis): 14/15 glycolipids (GLs), 93/79 phospholipids (PLs), and 3/6 betaine lipids. Both life stages displayed a similar profile of GLs and comprised 20:4(
-6) and 20:5(
-3) fatty acids that contribute to
-3 and
-6 fatty acid pool recorded and rank among the molecular species with higher potential bioactivity. PLs' profile was different between the two life stages surveyed, mainly due to the number and relative abundance of molecular species. This finding suggests that differences between both life stages were more likely related with shifts in the lipids of extraplastidial membranes rather than in plastidial membranes. PLs contained
-6 and
-3 precursors and in both life stages of
the
-6/
-3 ratio recorded was less than 2, highlighting the potential benefits of using these life stages in human diet to prevent chronic diseases. Atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes of blades (0.85 and 0.49, respectively) and conchocelis (0.34 and 0.30, respectively) are much lower than those reported for other Rhodophyta, which highlights their potential application as food or as functional ingredients. Overall, MS-based platforms represent a powerful tool to characterize lipid metabolism and target lipids along different life stages of algal species displaying complex life cycles (such as
), contributing to their biotechnological application.
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