The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6-18) is a widely used parent-report measure of youth internalizing and externalizing problems. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that the CBCL may not ...adequately assess clinical problems in diverse populations. We investigated the measurement equivalence (ME) of the CBCL in an African American adolescent sample (
N
= 145). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated poor factor model fit; however, modification indices and an alternative two-factor model produced improved fit statistics. Internal consistency coefficients of CBCL scales ranged from
α
= .65 to .88 and were generally lower than those reported for the normative sample. The CBCL exhibited convergent validity with conceptually similar scales on the Parent Report Scale of the Behavior Assessment System for Children; however, the correlations were weaker than those reported for the normative sample. The CBCL Internalizing composite failed to predict clinician-rated Emotional problems, however, the Externalizing composite predicted clinician-rated behavior problems. In summary, the CBCL did not exhibit unequivocal evidence of ME, as it both possesses
and
lacks a number of statistical attributes that would demonstrate its equivalence with African Americans. Future empirical and theoretical work is discussed.
To explore the effects of gender, age, and positive (FH + ) and negative (FH − ) family history of alcoholism on alcohol-related expectancies, the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) was ...administered to 627 college students (female
n = 430). In an attempt to control for consumption effects, only individuals who described themselves as heavy drinkers were included in the study. A 2 (Family History) × 2 (Gender) × 2 (Age Range) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted on the six scales of the AEQ. Results indicated that FH + females under the age of 20 years reported stronger expectancies of social and physical pleasure than did FH− females. Results also suggested that females over the age of 20 reported significantly lower expectancies of global, positive effects compared to all other subjects, regardless of family history of alcoholism. Finally, both male and female subjects under the age of 20 reported greater expectancies of global, positive effects, sexual enhancement, feelings of increased power and aggression, and social assertion compared to individuals over the age of 20. These results indicate that alcohol-related expectancies vary as a function of age, gender, and family history of alcoholism.
To examine gender differences in alcohol consumption as a function of mood and expectancies, 32 nondepressed and 32 moderately depressed male and female social drinkers were compared during a ...15-minute taste-rating session. Results indicated that depressed subjects tended to consume more alcohol than nondepressed subjects and men consumed more alcohol than women. Depressed men drank more and drank more per sip than all other subjects. Three depressed men consumed more than all other subjects. Depression and anxiety decreased over time for all subjects. However, a Sex × Depression × Time interaction showed that only depressed men and nondepressed women were substantially less depressed after drinking. The nondepressed women, compared to the depressed men, consumed less alcohol and reported a greater increase in positive mood. Men expected more global positive effects from drinking than women, suggesting the tension reduction hypothesis (TRH) is mediated by gender-specific expectancies.
To examine menstrual cycle phase variations in alcohol absorption and mood before and after drinking alcohol, 96 volunteers female heavy drinkers, unaware they were in a menstrual cycle study, were ...randomly assigned to 12 equal-sized groups with controls for the effects of alcohol, expectancy, and menstrual cycle phase. Alcohol subjects received sufficient alcohol to raise their blood alcohol level to .07 mg %. Mood, assessed with the Profile of Mood States, did not differ across menstrual cycle phases at baseline, failing to support the notion of menstrual phase-related moods. The only mood changes were a Beverage by Trials interaction on the Vigor and Confusion scales and a main effect for trials on the Tension-Anxiety and Vigor scales. Peak intoxication level did not differ across phases. The present findings of an absence of menstrual cycle phase-related differences in mood or alcohol absorption support social learning theory and suggest that phasic variations in mood are socially learned. They also suggest the need for systematic study of methodologic factors in this research area.
Based on parallels that have been noted between cigarette smoking and alcohol use, recent advances in alcoholism treatment strategies are extrapolated to cigarette smoking treatment. These include: ...training individuals in self-control strategies, particularly training to deal with stressful situations in alternative ways; continued exploration of the possibility of controlled smoking treatments and determination of the type(s) of individual(s) best suited to such a treatment goal; and, examining variables other than simple abstinence to determine treatment effectiveness.
Two-parent families indicating difficulty in managing the behavior of their children volunteered to participate in a 9-week behavior modification parent training project. The 16 participating ...families were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) mother training, (2) father training, (3) couple training, and (4) notreatment control. All participants designed, implemented, and evaluated behavior modification programs aimed at alleviating their children's problem behaviors. Results indicated significant improvement in the target behaviors for each of the treatment groups. The gains were maintained at 3-months follow-up. The role of parenting groups in the delivery of preventive and interventive mental health services was discussed.
Investigated whether nonalcoholic drinkers can be trained to discriminate their blood alcohol levels (BAL) on the basis of internal cues. 72 male undergraduates classified as heavy drinkers came to ...the laboratory for 3 consecutive sessions, each consisting of 5 BAL estimation trials. The 2 manipulated independent variables factorially combined were beverage sequence and administration of BAL feedback. All Ss were told that they would receive mixed drinks containing vodka and tonic on each day, and all Ss received alcohol on Day 1. On Day 2, half of the Ss received alcohol and half received tonic alone; similarly, half of the Ss in each of these groups received either alcohol or tonic on Day 3. No S received BAL feedback on Day 1, and one-third of Ss did not receive feedback on Days 2 and 3. The remaining Ss received feedback on Day 2; half of the latter Ss also received feedback on Day 3, and half did not. Ss did not learn to discriminate their BAL on the basis of internal cues. Results are discussed in reference to the utility of BAL discrimination training in alcoholism prevention programs. (24 ref)
A behavioral test of a smoking typology Adesso, Vincent J.; Glad, Wayne R.
Addictive behaviors,
1978, 1978-00-00, 1978-1-00, 19780101, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
To determine the relationship between questionnaire responses and actual smoking behavior, 144 college students participated in one of four social situations designed for this experiment. The results ...indicated that subjects could be reliably classified into positive affect, negative affect, and social stimulation smokers as Tomkins' theory would predict. However, these classifications did not relate to actual smoking behavior in the various experimental conditions. The utility of questionnaire responses for predicting smoking behavior was questioned.
