Social media platform owners often choose to provide tighter integration with their own complementary applications (i.e., first-party applications) as compared to that with other complementary ...third-party applications. We study the impact of such integration on consumer demand for first-party applications and competing third-party applications by exploring Facebook’s integration of Instagram, an application in its photo-sharing application ecosystem. We find that consumers obtain additional value from Instagram after its integration with Facebook, leading to a large increase in the use of Instagram for Facebook photo sharing. Further, we find that the growth of Instagram’s user base has a positive spillover effect on big third-party applications and a negative spillover effect on small third-party applications in Facebook’s photo-sharing ecosystem. As a result, while small third-party applications face reduced demand after integration, big third-party applications experience a small increase in demand. Thus, the overall demand for the entire photo-sharing application ecosystem actually increases, which suggests that Facebook’s integration strategy benefits the complementary market overall. Our results highlight the role of platform integration for first-party applications and the application ecosystem overall, and they have implications for strategic management of first-party applications in the presence of third-party applications.
This paper was accepted by Anandhi Bharadwaj, information systems
.
Improving content sharing on social media platforms helps firms enhance the efficacy of their marketing campaigns. The authors study the impact of network overlap—the overlap in network connections ...between two users—on content sharing in directed social media platforms. The authors propose a hazards model that flexibly captures the impact of three measures of network overlap (i.e., common followees, common followers, and common mutual followers) on content sharing. Using data on content sharing from two directed social media platforms (Twitter and Digg), the authors establish that a receiver is more likely to share content from a sender with whom they share more common followees, common followers, or common mutual followers even after accounting for other measures. In addition, common followers have a higher effect than common mutual followers on the sharing propensity of the receiver. Finally, the effect of common followers and common mutual followers is positive when the content is novel but decreases, and may even become negative, when many others have already shared it. Collectively, these results have a bearing for marketers to more effectively target users for spreading content on social media platforms.
The authors evaluate the impact of ad placement on revenues and profits generated from sponsored search. Their approach uses data generated through a field experiment for several keywords from an ...online retailer's ad campaign. Using a hierarchical Bayesian model, the authors measure the impact of ad placement on both click-through and conversion rates. They find that while click-through rate decreases with position, conversion rate increases with position and is even higher for more specific keywords. The net effect is that, contrary to the conventional wisdom in the industry, the topmost position is not necessarily the revenueor profit-maximizing position. The authors' results inform the advertising strategies of firms participating in sponsored search auctions and provide insight into consumer behavior in these environments. Specifically, they help correct a significant misunderstanding among advertisers regarding the value of the top position. Furthermore, they reveal potential inefficiencies in current auction mechanisms that search engines use. The authors' results also reveal the information search strategies that consumers use in sponsored search and provide evidence of recency bias for immediate purchases.
Er-doped BiFeO
3
(BFO) ceramics have been synthesized to investigate their improved physical properties. The analysis of XRD patterns by Rietveld refinement revealed transformation in crystal ...structure from rhombohedral (x < 0.10, R3c) to mixed rhombohedral and orthorhombic (0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.20, R3c + Pnma) phases. Electron density contours confirm the stabilization of the uniform and symmetric structures in the calculated profiles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the morphology of prepared ceramics. The presence of selective elements in prepared samples was confirmed by EDAX (Energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray). M-H loops depict significant enhancement in magnetic properties with doping of Er, which is suggested to be evolved via suppression of spin cycloid and reorientation of magnetic spins. The highest values of coercive field and remnant magnetization were observed for
x
= 0.20 (
H
c
= 0.35565 T,
M
r
= 0.39774 emu/g). Dielectric measurements of all the ceramics, recorded in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 7MHz follow Maxwell–Wagner type dispersive behaviour. The Nyquist plot characteristics of the prepared Er doped BFO ceramics revealed non-Debye relaxation processes with negative (− ve) temperature coefficient of resistance (NCTR). All the prepared ceramics show polarization hysteresis loops (P-E). The obtained results show that these ceramics may be considered for designing novel smart systems.
Multiferroic composites having composition (1 −
x
) BaTiO
3
–(
x
) BaFe
12
O
19
(
x
= 0.50, 0.60, 0.70) were synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method. These composites constitute ...BaTiO
3
as the ferroelectric phase and BaFe
12
O
19
as the ferromagnetic phase. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the formation of crystal structure and phase purity. The formation of individual phases took place without evolving any chemical reaction in all the prepared samples, which evidences the good synthesis of composite ceramics. The presence of characteristic symmetry consisting of tetragonal (P4mm) and hexagonal (P63/mmc) was confirmed by the Rietveld refinement of XRD data. The effect of alternate concentration variation of the component ceramics has been analyzed over the dielectric, electric, and magnetic properties of the composites prepared. The dielectric constant (
ε
') and dielectric loss (tan
δ
) were recorded in the frequency and temperature domain and these have been observed to follow Maxwell Wagner’s dispersive behaviour. The dielectric relaxation and conduction mechanism were analyzed with the help of complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS). In Nyquist plots, two semi-circles, whose centres lie below the real axis, were observed for all the prepared samples. Magnetization (M) versus magnetic field (H) loops, recorded at room temperature shows, gradual increase with the increase in ferrite content. These hysteresis loops were fitted by the law of approach to saturation (LAS) and values of various magnetic parameters were evaluated. The gradual enhancement in the values of magnetic parameters may be attributed to an increase in the ferromagnetic phase component.
The standard melt-quenching technique was used to synthesize heavy metal-based PbO·Bi
2
O
3
·Ga
2
O
3
glasses. The physical properties such as density and molar volume were calculated, and it is ...found that these parameters decrease with an increase in the Bi
2
O
3
content of the studied samples. The optical transmittance spectra were recorded in 300–3300 nm wavelength range for all the glasses. The presence of a sharp cutoff and a wide transmission (from 0.43 to 2.5 μm) shows the suitability of these glasses for the IR transmission window. From the absorption analysis cutoff wavelength, the optical bandgap and Urbachʼs energy were estimated. The bandgap values of these glasses range from 2.51 to 2.59 eV. Third-order nonlinear optical properties of PbO·Bi
2
O
3
·Ga
2
O
3
glasses were studied using the Z-scan technique. With increasing Bi
2
O
3
concentration in the studied glasses, third-order nonlinear refractive index and third-order nonlinear susceptibility were found to increase while bandgap decreased, which might be related to an increase in the quantity of non-bridging oxygens. IR studies indicate that these glasses are composed of BiO
3
, BiO
6
, GaO
4
, PbO
3
and PbO
4
fundamental structural units. From optical limiting studies, the dynamic range and limiting threshold of the glasses were calculated. Good optical limiting responses and significant values of dynamic range for all the glasses indicate that the investigated glasses can be explored for optical limiting applications.
Introduction: Recent literature identifies similar failure rates such as anchor pull-out and rod breakage, but a higher unplanned revision surgery with MAGEC rods than with traditional growth rods. ...Besides known failure modes such as rod fracture, infection, etc., failure to noninvasively distract the rods was cited as the main cause of such unplanned surgeries. The source of these data ranges from multicenter cohort studies to singular case series. These studies included explanted implants that had undergone failure in distraction mechanism, rod fracture, or infection, or had reached their maximum length. Nevertheless, in addition to identifying the overall mode of failure, it is equally important to identify the large-scale incidence of exclusive failures in comparison with standard instrumentation failure modes in spine surgery.Methods: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) databases were searched for reports on MAGEC rods, and on standard instrumentation used for spinal fusion. The adverse events were recorded, tabulated, and analyzed.Results: A search of the US FDA MAUDE database yielded reports of 163 device-related adverse events. These included distraction mechanism failure (n=129), rod fracture (n=24), and minor voluntary reports of infection and tissue discoloration (n=10). For standard instrumentation usage in spine surgery, pedicle screw breakage post surgery (n=336), set screw damage during surgery (n=257), rod breakage post surgery (n=175), interbody cage breakage during surgery (n=118), and pedicle screw breakage during surgery (n=75) were identified as the top 5 failure modes.Conclusions: The study identified the distraction mechanism failure as the most common and growing complication associated with MAGEC rod usage in children with scoliosis, leading to unplanned invasive revision surgeries.
In the presented study the shell and tube type latent heat storage (LHS) has been designed for solar dryer and paraffin wax is used as heat storage material. In the first part of the study, the ...thermal and heat transfer characteristics of the latent heat storage system have been evaluated during charging and discharging process using air as heat transfer fluid (HTF). In the last section of the study the effectiveness of the use of an LHS for drying of food product and also on the drying kinetics of a food product has been determined. A series of experiments were conducted to study the effects of flow rate and temperature of HTF on the charging and discharging process of LHS. The temperature distribution along the radial and longitudinal directions was obtained at different time during charging process to analyze the heat transfer phenomenon in the LHS. Thermal performance of the system is evaluated in terms of cumulative energy charged and discharged, during the charging and discharging process of LHS, respectively. Experimental results show that the LHS is suitable to supply the hot air for drying of food product during non-sunshine hours or when the intensity of solar energy is very low. Temperature gain of air in the range of 17 °C to 5 °C for approximately 10 hrs duration was achieved during discharging of LHS.
Th17 cells have critical roles in mucosal defense and are major contributors to inflammatory disease. Their differentiation requires the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt working with multiple other ...essential transcription factors (TFs). We have used an iterative systems approach, combining genome-wide TF occupancy, expression profiling of TF mutants, and expression time series to delineate the Th17 global transcriptional regulatory network. We find that cooperatively bound BATF and IRF4 contribute to initial chromatin accessibility and, with STAT3, initiate a transcriptional program that is then globally tuned by the lineage-specifying TF RORγt, which plays a focal deterministic role at key loci. Integration of multiple data sets allowed inference of an accurate predictive model that we computationally and experimentally validated, identifying multiple new Th17 regulators, including Fosl2, a key determinant of cellular plasticity. This interconnected network can be used to investigate new therapeutic approaches to manipulate Th17 functions in the setting of inflammatory disease.
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► Integrated function of multiple transcription factors in Th17 cell differentiation ► Binding of BATF-IRF4 complexes to DNA mediates chromatin accessibility ► Network-predicted AP-1 factor Fosl2 restricts plasticity of Th17 cells ► Integration of multiple data sets in network most accurately predicts Th17 regulators
Integrating genome-wide regulatory information for key transcription factors involved in the development of proinflammatory Th17 cells produces a highly accurate and predictive network model for lineage specification and function.
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