Assessment of quality and cost of medical care has become a core health policy concern. We conducted a nationwide survey to assess these measures in Iran as a developing country. To present the ...protocol for the Iran Quality of Care in Medicine Program (IQCAMP) study, which estimates the quality, cost, and utilization of health services for seven diseases in Iran.
We selected eight provinces for this nationally representative short longitudinal survey. Interviewers from each province were trained comprehensively. The standard definition of seven high-burden conditions (acute myocardial infarction MI, heart failure HF, diabetes mellitus DM, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) disease, major depression, and end-stage renal disease ESRD) helped customize a protocol for disease identification. With a 3-month follow-up window, the participants answered pre-specified questions four times. The expert panels developed a questionnaire in four modules (demographics, health status, utilization, cost, and quality). The expert panel chose an inclusive set of quality indicators from the current literature for each condition. The design team specified the necessary elements in the survey to calculate the cost of care for each condition. The utilization assessment included various services, including hospital admissions, outpatient visits, and medication.
Totally, 156 specialists and 78 trained nurses assisted with patient identification, recruitment, and interviewing. A total of 1666 patients participated in the study, and 1291 patients completed all four visits.
The IQCAMP study was the first healthcare utilization, cost, and quality survey in Iran with a longitudinal data collection to represent the pattern, quantity, and quality of medical care provided for high-burden conditions.
Due to the controversial effects of mental health disorders during pregnancy on infant health, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of gestational depression, stress, and anxiety on the ...growth of offspring at six months of age in disadvantaged communities in South of Iran.
The sample comprised of 470 pregnant women (response rate=98%) who are participated in the Bandar Abbas Pregnancy Cohort study. Maternal mental health was measured by the DASS-21 questionnaire during pregnancy. Data on infant growth was collected based on infant`s growth chart at six months of age. The relative risk of suboptimal infant growth was calculated by Modified Poisson regression models at 5% significant level.
The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 19.0%, 26.1% and 6.5%, respectively. At six months of age, the mean (SD) of infant`s weight (gram), height (cm) and head circumference (cm) were 7287.30 (1019.85), 63.23 (5.62) and 41.39 (2.70), respectively. Compared to normal mothers, the risk of suboptimal weight at six months of age significantly increased by 71% in mothers who were classified as having depression (Adjusted RR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.09). The presence of anxiety significantly increased the risk of suboptimal height at six months of age by 43% (ARR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.92). There were no statistically significant effects of either depression anxiety or stress on the suboptimal head circumference at six months of age.
Our results showed that mental health disorders of pregnant women might adversely influence the weight and height growth of offspring within the first six months of age. Screening protocols to early diagnose of mental health disorders during pregnancy, and to strict follow up of diagnosed cases postpartum are proposed.
Russian common spatial prepositions with the meaning of proximity and ways of their expression in the Persian language are considered. It is noted that the Russian language has more than 33 ...prepositions with the meaning of proximity. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that understanding of their meanings is difficult for Iranian students, in particular, when choosing the appropriate equivalent in Persian. The authors of this study expect to establish and describe the existing relations between the common spatial prepositions with the meaning of proximity in the Russian language and their equivalents in the Persian language. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the relations between the various prepositions with the meaning of proximity in the comparative aspect are considered on the Russian-Persian material for the first time. 190 contexts in which spatial prepositions are used were analyzed. Material is extracted from a variety of sources, including artistic works, which were translated from Russian into Persian, explanatory and translation dictionaries as well as the National corpus of the Russian language.
Background and Aim: Evaluating and improving the employees’ quality of work life is one of the most important responsibilities of managers in each organization. The aim of this study was to design ...and prepare a questionnaire for evaluating the residents’ quality of work life and checking the validity and reliability of this tool. Materials and Methods: We collected the questionnaires which were used for the employees’ quality of work life, and designed by Delphi method a comprehensive questionnaire for measuring residents’ quality of work life. This questionnaire was distributed two times with one-week interval between 14 residents of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and then the validity and reliability was assessed by α cronbach model. We used the 5 experts in the field of health care management, medical education and health economics to determine the validity of quality of working life questionnaire. The classification of cronbachchr('39')s α for intra-rater reliability was: very good (0.9-1), good (0.8- 0.89), average (0.7- 0.79), bad (0.6-0.69) and very bad (under 0.59). Results: The results of αcronbach test for questions reliability and the result α cronbach test for internal consistency of each class of question indicated the rather high reliability and validity of these questions. Conclusion: Regarding to the results of α cronbach test, we can deduce that our designed questionnaire encompass have satisfied validity and reliability and it can be used for future studies.
The solubility of hydrogen sulphide in three ionic liquids,
viz. 1-hexyl-3-methylilmidazolium hexafluorophosphate (hmimPF
6), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (hmimBF
4), and ...1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (hmimTf
2N), at temperatures ranging from 303.15
K to 343.15
K and pressures up to 1.1
MPa were determined. The solubility values were correlated using the Krichevsky–Kasarnovsky equation and Henry’s constants were obtained at different temperatures. Partial molar thermodynamic functions of solvation such as standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated from the solubility results. Comparison of the values obtained show that the solubility of H
2S in these three ionic liquids was in the sequence: hmimBF
4
>
hmimPF
6
≈
hmimTf
2N.
Invasive candidiasis (IC) is associated with high mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Timely diagnosis of this potentially fatal condition remains a challenge; on the other hand, the ...criteria for initiating empirical antifungal therapy in critically ill patients are not well defined in different patient population and ICU settings. Alongside the international guidelines, reaching regional and local consensus on diagnosis and management of IC in ICU setting is essential. This report summarizes our present status of IC management in ICU, considered by a group of Iranian experts in the fields of intensive care and infectious diseases. A round table of 17 experts was held to review the available data and discuss the optimal treatment strategies for IC in critical care setting. Comparative published data on the management of IC were analytically reviewed and the commonly asked questions about the management of IC in ICU were isolated. These questions were interactively discussed by the panel and audience responses were taken to consolidate point-to-point agreement with the panel arriving at consensus in many instances. The responses indicated that patients’ risk stratification, clinical discretion, fungal diagnostic techniques and the empirical therapy for IC are likely to save more patients. Treatment options were recommended to be based on the disease severity, prior azole exposure, and the presence of suspected azole-resistant Candida species. This report was reviewed, edited and discussed by all participants to include further evidence-based insights. The panel expects such endorsed recommendations to be soon formulated for implementation across the country.
Infertility causes psychological and emotional tension in the couples and makes severe stress on infertile men and women. Relaxation technique is one of the methods that reduces the stress and can ...balance the human's emotions. This study aimed to determine the effect of relaxation on the infertile women's stress score.
This was a semi-experimental and clinical trial study. Participants randomly divided into two groups. At the beginning, the stress scores were assessed in both groups using Newton's infertility stress questionnaire. The participants' stress scores were evaluated and then, the relaxation technique was implemented on the intervention group. This technique was performed in twelve sessions. All the questionnaires were completed under supervision of the researcher after embryo was transferred to the uterus (after 2 weeks) and before conducting the pregnancy test.
Independent t-test showed that the total stress score did not have a significant difference in groups before the intervention (p > 0.05) whereas independent t-test indicated a significant difference in stress scores between the two groups after the intervention (p < 0.05). Stress score was higher in the control group in comparison with the intervention group.
Relaxation technique can reduce the stress score in infertile women as a complementary and alternative medicine method.
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