Despite the fact that rural education has always been one of the most important means of rural development, it has been ignored in many developing countries, with the result that rural development ...has not achieved great success. The problems of education in rural areas are not only related to the amount the country spends on education or to the system of education. The socio-economic condition of the individuals living in these areas and the form of rural education also play an important part. The present study deals with the socio-economic factors that influence the education level which is achieved. The assessments in the study are based on data gathered in a survey of 386 households carried out in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The work consists of three parts: the state of education in rural areas; the factors adversely affecting an individual's decision to continue at school; and the employment situation of individuals who did not continue their education. In the results section, some suggestions have been made regarding the provision of employment opportunities to individuals who have not completed their education and who have had no job training.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune disease with chronic complications that is becoming more frequent as life expectancy of diabetics has increased owing to improved methods of detection ...and better management. In this study, we investigated whether the presence of autoimmunity can be used in predicting the development time of microvascular complications.
Our study included 52 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The subjects had developed microvascular complications and they had been tested for anti-GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibodies and/or islet-cell antibodies (ICA). In the assessment of microvascular complications, we used ocular fundus examination, electromyography (EMG), and 24-h urine microalbuminuria tests.
Of the patients included in the study, 30 were female and 22 were male. Of all patients characterized for the existence of diabetic complications, 36 of 52 had both diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy, 5 patients had diabetic neuropathy, and 11 patients had diabetic retinopathy only. At the diagnosis of diabetes, 20 in 52 patients tested negative for autoantibodies (anti-GAD and anti-ICA), while 32 of 52 tested positive for anti-GAD and/or anti-ICA. The mean HbA1C level of autoantibody-negative patients was 7.7%, while antibody-positive patients had slightly higher HbA1c levels (7.9%). However, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean development time of microvascular complications in autoantibody-positive patients was calculated as 11: 40±6.46 years, and in patients with negative autoimmunity results it was 10.91±6.70 years.
The presence of diabetes-related autoantibodies (DRAs) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus does not have a significant effect on the development time of diabetic microvascular complications.
LEADER yaklaşımı, kırsal kalkınmanın yerel kırsal topluluklar aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmesi ve bunlar içerisinde harekete geçirilmesi için bir yöntem olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yaklaşık 30 yıldır ...AB'de uygulanan ve başarılı sonuçlar elde edilen LEADER yaklaşımının Türkiye'de de etkin bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi durumunda, kamu kesiminin işbirliği ve yardımları ile yerel aktörlerin bölgelerinin kırsal kalkınması için aktif rol almalarını sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada; LEADER yaklaşımının kapsamı, özellikleri ve AB'deki başarılı örneklere yer verilerek Türkiye açısından incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. LEADER yaklaşımın başarıyla uygulanması halinde kırsal sorunlar için yenilikçi çözümler üretilebilecek ve yerel toplulukların ihtiyaçları karşılanabilecektir.
The LEADER approach is defined as a way to implement the rural development through local rural communities and to mobilize within them. If this approach which is implemented and got successful results in the EU nearly 30 years, could be also implemented effectively in Turkey, it is expected that the local actors will be able to take active role in the rural development of the regions by the public sector's cooperation and assistance. In this research, it is aimed at examining the scope of LEADER approach, features and showing the successful examples from EU in terms of Turkey. Successful implementation of the LEADER approach will enable innovative solutions for rural issues and meet the needs of local communities.
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