A smart city is an urbanization region that collects data using several digital and physical devices. The information collected from such devices is used efficiently to manage revenues, resources, ...and assets, etc., while the information obtained from such devices is utilized to boost performance throughout the city. Cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT) applications could help smart cities that contain information gathered from citizens, devices, homes, and other things. This information is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage transportation networks, electric utilities, resources management, water supply systems, waste management, crime detection, security mechanisms, proficiency, digital library, healthcare facilities, and other opportunities. A cloud service provider offers public cloud services that can update the IoT environment, enabling third-party activities to embed IoT data within electronic devices executing on the IoT. In this paper, the author explored cloud-based IoT applications and their roles in smart cities.
Internet of Things (IoT) networks are rapidly expanding, which requires adequate and reliable infrastructure and a large amount of data. The IoT device security and technical confidentiality may ...benefit from using Blockchain, a decentralised and trustworthy ledger. Increasing transaction throughput and coping with big data transfer situations is critical when dealing with significant volumes of IoT data on the Blockchain. Consequently, this research investigates the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) crucial functioning of the blockchain-enabled IoT structure, wherever transactions are instantaneously expanded and public divisibility is confirmed. It is important to note that DRL and Blockchain are two separate advancements devoted to the reliability and usefulness of system operation. These are both transactional systems. Technology integration into information exchange and research solutions is becoming increasingly critical. As a result of Blockchain, information may be exchanged securely and decentralised. When used in tandem with DRL, it can significantly improve communication efficiency. By combining DRL and Blockchain throughout the IoT, the author first presents a decentralised and efficient communication structure that allows for scalable and trustworthy information allocation and better performance than earlier options. The DRL approach assesses whether to offload and which service to dump to improve performance up to 87.5%. Furthermore, this method focuses on constructing an effective offloading mechanism for Blockchain-based communication systems to boost performance.
Smart cities utilize Internet of Things (IoT) devices including connected sensors to collect data that may be used to enhance public services, infrastructure, and service delivery. The full promise ...of smart cities cannot be realized, however, until serious security concerns are handled. The security of any given communication system is heavily dependent on its access controls. To alleviate the strain of access control on low-capacity devices, delegated authorization mechanisms are crucial in communicating the challenges of IoT devices. New user-centric authorization procedures that guarantee user privacy without compromising scalability or efficiency are necessary before IoT devices can be used in smart cities. Blockchain could serve as a technology that enables many different applications within the context of smart cities. Rapid data collection from a plethora of wireless sensors paves the way for big data analytics to quickly take in the foundational visuals required for smart city resources, supply, and infrastructure management. Blockchain and big data are two of the most exciting new technologies that can be used effectively with their integration. Implementing the access control solution for exchange the of data among IoT devices in smart cities is a challenging task. We introduce a novel architecture for managing access to Bigdata using blockchain technology, which could be used in smart cities. Our proposed access control system will allow a resource owner to securely delegate authorization to other parties beyond the smart city’s trust boundary. The article describes the architecture and implementation of the proposed blockchain and big data system, as well as its access control and security features. Our testing on private Ethereum has shown that our solution is straightforward to implement in low-latency environments. This proves our proposed solution’s applicability to real-world IoT scenarios in the smart city environment.
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain ...is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Federated-Learning (FL), a new paradigm in the machine-learning approach, wherein the clients train the global model collaboratively across various computational distributed units. The participants ...of the FL-networks performs communication with the centralized server without the exchange of sample data. This mechanism permits the users to obtain the richer global model performing training upon the larger data points. In this study, various researches of federated learning in distributed environment have been analysed. The Federated-learning framework model is implemented in centralized, decentralized and heterogeneous approach. Further, the privacy of the data collaborations and maintenance of secured framework in FL is focused. Differential-privacy technique is highly concentrated in various researches as the standardized method for mitigating those privacy risks. In some FL models, such as DRL-Deep reinforcement learning model is evolved for assisting the edge computing in a distributed environment, are highly focused in various studies. FedGRU-algorithm for traffic-flow prediction, non-IID, non-balanced, sparse and distributed attributes of federated-optimization is also analysed. The federated-learning framework contributes to obtain the global model in distributed systems handling heterogeneous resources in certain researches. The latter section of the paper demonstrates the critical analysis of the study, and the parameters relying upon the federated learning model were analysed.
In next-generation computing, the role of cloud, internet and smart devices will be capacious. Nowadays we all are familiar with the word smart. This word is used a number of times in our daily life. ...The Internet of Things (IoT) will produce remarkable different kinds of information from different resources. It can store big data in the cloud. The fog computing acts as an interface between cloud and IoT. The extension of fog in this framework works on physical things under IoT. The IoT devices are called fog nodes, they can have accessed anywhere within the range of the network. The blockchain is a novel approach to record the transactions in a sequence securely. Developing a new blockchains based middleware framework in the architecture of the Internet of Things is one of the critical issues of wireless networking where resolving such an issue would result in constant growth in the use and popularity of IoT. The proposed research creates a framework for providing the middleware framework in the internet of smart devices network for the internet of things using blockchains technology. Our main contribution links a new study that integrates blockchains to the Internet of things and provides communication security to the internet of smart devices.
Federated learning (FL) is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence approach. It is a decentralized problem-solving technique that allows users to train using massive data. Unprocessed information is ...stored in advanced technology by a secret confidentiality service, which incorporates machine learning (ML) training while removing data connections. As researchers in the field promote ML configurations containing a large amount of private data, systems and infrastructure must be developed to improve the effectiveness of advanced learning systems. This study examines FL in-depth, focusing on application and system platforms, mechanisms, real-world applications, and process contexts. FL creates robust classifiers without requiring information disclosure, resulting in highly secure privacy policies and access control privileges. The article begins with an overview of FL. Then, we examine technical data in FL, enabling innovation, contracts, and software. Compared with other review articles, our goal is to provide a more comprehensive explanation of the best procedure systems and authentic FL software to enable scientists to create the best privacy preservation solutions for IoT devices. We also provide an overview of similar scientific papers and a detailed analysis of the significant difficulties encountered in recent publications. Furthermore, we investigate the benefits and drawbacks of FL and highlight comprehensive distribution scenarios to demonstrate how specific FL models could be implemented to achieve the desired results.
Background: The wireless networks make it easier for users to connect with each other in the sense of the Internet of Things (IoT) system. The cloud and MANET convergence offer the services for cloud ...access within MANET of devices connected.Objective: The main objective of this research is to establish a cloud-based ad-hoc network architecture for the communication among smart devices under the 5G based Internet of Things architecture.Methods: The methods are applied to discover the smart devices using probability-based model, hidden Markov model and gradient-based model.Results: A cloud-MANET architecture of the smart device is constructed with cloud and MANET computation. The framework allows MANET users to access and deliver cloud services through their connected devices, where all simulations, error handling, and resource management are implemented.Conclusion: The MANET service has been launched as well as linked to the cloud by the mobile device. The author used the amazon cloud storage service. This research produces a conceptual model that is based on the ubiquitous method. It is shown the success in this area and expectations for future scope.
Single-use plastic (SUP) being a versatile material, is adopted as an alternate to traditional materials specifically for the use in food packaging due to its inherent characteristics like high ...durability, inertness, and protecting ability but has become a curse for living being today due to its random usage and unplanned rejection to nature. Mostly plastics used in packaging of beverages, fresh meats, fruits and vegetables are under concern today. Single-use packages result in generation of several billion tons of garbage till date, which pollutes the environment. At the immediate past, it has come to light that micro plastics obtained due to slow degradation of SUP present in oceans, are also being consumed by marine organisms such as fishes and shellfish species which disturbs the marine life extensively. Hence, finding right strategy to mitigate the plastic waste related issues has becoming inevitable today. This review paper briefs various strategies undertaken worldwide to mitigate the pollution due to generation of plastic waste. Various notable impact of adopted strategies and recent innovations to replace the SUP products are also discussed and in view of this a roadmap is also suggested which can be used to achieve the milestone of Zero Plastic Waste.
Heat transfer analysis is the one of the most important designing aspects for many engineering systems. The design prospect in the preview of heat transfer focuses on the prediction of heat flux with ...the help of measured transient temperature data. Thin film gauges are one of the most predominant method for the heat flux prediction especially for short duration transient temperature measurement. Thin film gauges are usually exposed to the heated environment for the measurement purpose. However, there are some prominent research areas like ablation phenomenon met to spacecraft thermal shields during re-entry to the atmosphere, for which direct exposure of the thin film gauge to the heated environment causes the functional and working difficulties associated with the gauge. In the present study, it is aimed to investigate the suitability of thin film gauge for the conduction-based short duration measurement. An experimental set up is fabricated, which is used to supply the heat load to the hand-made thin film gauge using platinum as sensing element and quartz as a substrate. The transient temperature data is recorded during experiment is further compared with the simulated temperature histories obtained through finite element analysis. The heat flux estimation for both the analysis is made using measured transient temperature data by convolute integral of one- dimensional heat conduction equation. The estimated heat flux value for the experimental and numerical result is found to be in excellent agreement.
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