This study examined whether Filipino mothers' and fathers' cultural values, namely individualism, collectivism and conformity values; are associated with parental warmth, rules/limit‐setting and ...expectations of family obligations; and child internalising and externalising behaviours. Children (n = 103; Mage = 10.52, SDage = .44) and their mothers (n = 100) and fathers (n = 79) from urban Metro Manila, Philippines, responded to self‐report measures orally or in writing. Mothers' collectivistic values, and fathers' individualistic and collectivistic values, were positively associated with expectations for children's familial obligations. Fathers' individualist values predicted lower internalising behaviours in children, whereas the valuing of conformity predicted greater paternal warmth. Future research on cultural values should unpack their dynamic meanings, processes and associations with parenting behaviours and child adjustment.
This study investigated child-reported family obligation values (FOVs) in early adolescence as a moderator for associations between mother-, father-, and child-reported parental psychological control ...(PC) in early adolescence and child-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms in middle and late adolescents in the Philippines. Data were drawn from three waves of a larger longitudinal study, when the Filipino youth were in late elementary grades (age M = 12.04, SD = 0.58; N = 91), in junior high school (age M = 15.03, SD = 0.59; N = 80), and in senior high school (age M = 17.00, SD = 0.59, N = 75). Results revealed that high levels of FOV buffered the positive associations between mother-reported PC and internalizing symptoms in late adolescence, and between child-reported PC and internalizing symptoms in middle and late adolescence, as well as externalizing symptoms in late adolescence. Conversely, low levels of FOV exacerbated the associations between mother- and child-reported PC on externalizing symptoms in late adolescence. Findings suggest that FOV may shape the meaning and influence of PC for children and adolescents in contexts where familial obligations are normative and important.
We tested a model that childrenâs tendency to attribute hostile intent to others in response to provocation is a key psychological process that statistically accounts for individual differences in ...reactive aggressive behavior and that this mechanism contributes to global group differences in childrenâs chronic aggressive behavior problems. Participants were 1,299 children (mean age at year 1 = 8.3 y; 51% girls) from 12 diverse ecological-context groups in nine countries worldwide, followed across 4 y. In year 3, each child was presented with each of 10 hypothetical vignettes depicting an ambiguous provocation toward the child and was asked to attribute the likely intent of the provocateur (coded as benign or hostile) and to predict his or her own behavioral response (coded as nonaggression or reactive aggression). Mothers and children independently rated the childâs chronic aggressive behavior problems in years 2, 3, and 4. In every ecological group, in those situations in which a child attributed hostile intent to a peer, that child was more likely to report that he or she would respond with reactive aggression than in situations when that same child attributed benign intent. Across children, hostile attributional bias scores predicted higher mother- and child-rated chronic aggressive behavior problems, even controlling for prior aggression. Ecological group differences in the tendency for children to attribute hostile intent statistically accounted for a significant portion of group differences in chronic aggressive behavior problems. The findings suggest a psychological mechanism for group differences in aggressive behavior and point to potential interventions to reduce aggressive behavior.
Interpersonal conflict and violence occur within and between groups around the world. Although not proving causation, this study is significant because it suggests a key psychological mechanism in childrenâs chronic aggression that might be targeted for intervention: oneâs attribution that a peer is acting with hostile intent. When children attribute hostile intent to peers, they are more likely to predict they would react aggressively than when they attribute benign intent. Differences in this tendency statistically account for differences in future chronic aggressive behavior problems across children, as well as differences in chronic aggressive behavior problem rates across ecological-context groups. Identifying this mechanism could lead to novel interventions, education, and policies that reduce or prevent aggressive behavior.
To examine whether the cultural normativeness of parents' beliefs and behaviors moderates the links between those beliefs and behaviors and youths' adjustment, mothers, fathers, and children (N = ...1,298 families) from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States) were interviewed when children were, on average, 10 years old and again when children were 12 years old. Multilevel models examined 5 aspects of parenting (expectations regarding family obligations, monitoring, psychological control, behavioral control, warmth/affection) in relation to 5 aspects of youth adjustment (social competence, prosocial behavior, academic achievement, externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior). Interactions between family level and culture-level predictors were tested to examine whether cultural normativeness of parenting behaviors moderated the link between those behaviors and children's adjustment. More evidence was found for within- than between-culture differences in parenting predictors of youth adjustment. In 7 of the 8 instances in which cultural normativeness was found to moderate the link between parenting and youth adjustment, the link between a particular parenting behavior and youth adjustment was magnified in cultural contexts in which the parenting behavior was more normative.
We investigated the effects of parental warmth and behavioral control on externalizing and internalizing symptom trajectories from ages 8 to 14 in 1,298 adolescents from 12 cultural groups. We did ...not find that single universal trajectories characterized adolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms across cultures, but instead found significant heterogeneity in starting points and rates of change in both externalizing and internalizing symptoms across cultures. Some similarities did emerge. Across many cultural groups, internalizing symptoms decreased from ages 8 to 10, and externalizing symptoms increased from ages 10 to 14. Parental warmth appears to function similarly in many cultures as a protective factor that prevents the onset and growth of adolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms, whereas the effects of behavioral control vary from culture to culture.
This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. ...Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.
The dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking portrays the period as one characterized by a combination of heightened sensation seeking and still‐maturing self‐regulation, but most tests of this ...model have been conducted in the United States or Western Europe. In the present study, these propositions are tested in an international sample of more than 5000 individuals between ages 10 and 30 years from 11 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, using a multi‐method test battery that includes both self‐report and performance‐based measures of both constructs. Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self‐regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26. Although there were some variations in the magnitude of the observed age trends, the developmental patterns were largely similar across countries.
Data from young people in 11 countries indicates that sensation seeking peaks around age 19, then declines during the twenties, whereas self‐regulation increases linearly from preadolescence into the early twenties, at which point it plateaus.
This study examined how the experience of harsh discipline from teachers is related to students' experience of bullying victimization in a Philippine high school. Respondents were 401 first- to ...fourth-year high school students of an urban public school in the Philippines. Using structural equation modeling, a hypothesized model with direct associations between harsh discipline and bullying victimization, and an indirect path via students' perception of teacher support, was tested. The data adequately fit the model and showed that experiences of harsh teacher discipline predicted higher bullying victimization and students' negative perception of teacher support. There were no significant indirect effects. The findings suggest that school discipline strategies may have repercussions on students' behaviors and relationships, highlighting the teacher's role in modeling and setting norms for acceptable behaviors. Future studies can examine further how teachers' harsh or positive discipline behaviors relate to bullying.
Rates of child maltreatment are higher in low‐ and middle‐income countries due to risk factors such as social inequities, economic adversity, and sociocultural norms. Given the evidence showing the ...effectiveness of parenting interventions to prevent child maltreatment, this study embarked on a cultural adaptation of an evidence‐based parenting program with the eventual goal of integrating it within a nationwide conditional cash transfer program for low‐income Filipino parents with children aged 2–6 years. We document the systematic adaptation of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children program that was developed and tested in South Africa, for low‐resource Filipino families using the heuristic framework for the cultural adaptation of interventions. We underscore the merits of conducting a multistage top‐down and bottom‐up process that uses a participatory approach among cultural insiders and outsiders to develop a parenting intervention that reflects the contextual realities and cultural values of end users. The adapted program, Masayang Pamilya Para sa Batang Pilipino, is the product of a delicate and deliberate effort to balance Filipino childrearing goals and values with the scientific evidence on components of parenting interventions known to promote positive parenting and prevent child maltreatment.
Resumen
Los índices de maltrato infantil son más altos en los países de ingresos medios y bajos debido a factores de riesgo, como las desigualdades sociales, las dificultades económicas y las normas socioculturales. Teniendo en cuenta los datos que demuestran la eficacia de las intervenciones en la crianza para prevenir el maltrato infantil, este estudio inició una adaptación cultural de un programa de crianza factual con el objetivo principal de integrarlo dentro de un programa de transferencia condicional de dinero en efectivo a nivel nacional para padres filipinos de bajos recursos con niños de entre dos y seis años. Documentamos la adaptación sistemática del programa “Crianza para una buena salud durante toda la vida” (Parenting for Lifelong Health, PLH) orientado a niños pequeños que se desarrolló y se probó en Sudáfrica, para familias filipinas de bajos recursos utilizado el marco heurístico para las adaptaciones culturales de las intervenciones. Subrayamos los méritos de llevar a cabo un proceso multietapa descendente y ascendente que emplea un método participativo entre personas conocedoras de las culturas y personas ajenas a ella para desarrollar una intervención en la crianza que refleje las realidades contextuales y los valores culturales de los usuarios finales. El programa adaptado, Masayang Pamilya Para sa Batang Pilipino, es el producto de un esfuerzo comprometido y deliberado de equilibrar los objetivos y los valores de la crianza de los niños filipinos con las pruebas científicas sobre los componentes de las intervenciones en la crianza que promueven la crianza positiva y previenen el maltrato infantil.
摘要
由于社会不平等、经济困境和社会文化规范等风险因素，在低收入和中等收入国家里儿童受虐待的比率较高。鉴于那些能显示通过家长教育干预防止儿童虐待现象这种措施的有效性的证据, 本研究开展了以证据为基础的文化适应教育计划，其最终目的是为了将这种措施整合在一个全国性的有条件的现金转移计划中，对象为菲律宾低收入父母， 家有2 ‐ 6岁儿童。我们记录了在南非开发和测试的儿童终身健康养育(PLH)项目在资源贫乏的菲律宾家庭的适用的情况，该项目使用启发式的框架来适应干预的文化适应性。我们强调，采用由上而下和由下而上的多阶段过程，在文化内部人士和外部人士之间采用参与式方法，以发展一种反映终端用户的环境现实和文化价值的育儿干预，这些做法是有诸多好处的。经过改编的节目Masayang Pamilya Para sa Batang Pilipino是一项细致而深思熟虑的努力的成果，目的是在菲律宾的育婴目标和价值观与促进积极育儿和防止虐待儿童的育儿干预措施组成部分的科学证据两者之间实现平衡。
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