The marine environment with its vast biological diversity encompasses many organisms that produce bioactive natural products. Marine microorganisms are rich sources of compounds from many structural ...classes with a multitude of biological activities. The biosynthesis of microbial natural products depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors in the marine environment, including temperature, nutrients, salinity and interaction with other microorganisms. Terpenoids, as one of the most important groups of natural products in terrestrial microorganisms are important metabolites for marine microorganisms. Here, we have reviewed the chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacological activities of terpenoids, extracted from marine microbes, and then survey their potential applications in drug development. We also discussed the different habitats in which marine microorganisms are found including sediments, the flora, such as seaweeds, sea grasses, and mangroves as well as the fauna like sponges and corals. Amongst these habitats, marine sediments are the major source for terpenoids producing microorganisms. The marine bacteria produce mostly meroterpenoids, while the fungi are well known for production of isoprenoids. Interestingly, marine-derived microbial terpenoids have some structural characteristics such as halogenation, which are catalyzed by specific enzymes with distinct substrate specificity. These compounds have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory properties. The information collected here might provide useful clues for developing new medications.
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•Marine bacteria and fungi are coexisting within different biotic and abiotic habitats.•The marine microorganisms produce different metabolites including terpenoids and meroterpenoids.•The marine microorganisms terpenoids are found mostly in fungi while the bacteria produce hybrid terpenoids.•The marine terpenoids have different medicinal properties especially anticancer and antimicrobial properties.•The marine microorganisms can be considered as a sustainable source for medicine production.
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A novel, simple, one-pot procedure for the synthesis of new 7H-naphtho1,8-efpyrimido4,5-bazocine-7,10,12,13(8H,9H,11H)-tetraones by the addition reaction of acenaphthoquinone and ...6-aminouracil derivatives followed by oxidative cleavage of the corresponding intermediate product in the presence of lead(IV) acetate is reported. Clean reactions, excellent yields, and mild conditions are the main features of this method. The structural assignments are supported by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and X-ray crystallography data.
Highly diastereoselective synthesis of some novel benzothiazole-substituted β-lactam hybrids was achieved starting from (benzodthiazol-2-yl)phenol as an available precursor. This is the first time ...(benzodthiazol-2-yl)phenoxyacetic acid has been used as ketene source in synthesizing monocyclic 2-azetidinones. These compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against a large panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and moderate activities were encountered. Antimalarial data revealed that adding methoxyphenyl or ethoxyphenyl group on the β–lactam ring makes compounds that are more potent. Moreover, hemolytic activity and mammalian cell toxicity survey of the compounds showed their potential as a medicine.
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•A new series of cis benzothiazole β-lactam conjugates have been synthesized.•Good activities against chloroquine resistant P. falciparum K1 strain.•Less cytotoxicity effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2).•Red blood cells stability as hemolysis assay exhibited excellent results.•A single crystal X-ray structure of 5n has been determined.
A one-pot, efficient and chemoselective procedure for the synthesis of new 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,2′-pyrrole-3,3′(1′H)-dione derivatives has been developed which involves room temperature oxidative ...cleavage of 3a,8b-dihydroxyindeno1,2-bpyrroles themselves synthesized from the reaction of ninhydrin and enaminones in 30% ethanol. A reasonable mechanism is proposed for the oxidation reaction based on the results of this study and our previous related work.
An efficient, atom‐economic, multi‐component reaction protocol has been developed for the synthesis of β‐lactams. This new procedure employs a one‐pot sequential multicomponent Staudinger reaction ...between acetic acid derivatives and imines generated in situ by thermal melting of an aryl or heteroaryl aldehyde with the primary amine. The protocol has the merits of simple operation, short reaction time, convenient work‐up, good yields, applicability to a broad range of substrates, cheap and less hazardousness to humans and environment. The structures of the β‐lactam adducts E1‐30 were characterized by spectral (FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, GC‐MS) and elemental analyses.
The reported method is easy, mild and contains simple experimental. The attractive features of this protocol are simple procedure, cleaner reaction, Satisfactory yields of products, as well as a simple reaction, make it a useful protocol for the synthesis of these classes of compounds.
In the present work, a novel series of monocyclic 1H‐phenanthro9,10‐dimidazole β‐lactam hybrids has been synthesized in yields varying from 70–95 % by a stereoselective 2+2‐cyclocondensation ...(Staudinger reaction). The newly‐synthesized compounds and their imine intermediates were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The 1H‐phenanthro9,10‐dimidazole β‐lactam hybrids showed moderate cytotoxicity towards two mammalian cancerous cell lines, MCF‐7 and A549, and to a lesser extent on immortalized normal fibroblast SV‐80 cells. In addition, hemolytic activity of the Phenanthren‐imidazole β‐lactam conjugates showed their potential as a medicine. None of the compounds displayed antibacterial or anti‐inflammatory activity.
Hemolytic activity of the Phenanthren‐imidazole β‐lactam conjugates showed their potential as a medicine. Furthermore the Phenanthren‐imidazole β‐lactams derivatives showed moderate cytotoxicity towards MCF‐7 and A549 cancerous cell lines. In addition these new β‐lactam hybrids showed specific sensitivity toward A549 cells and significant low sensitivity on SV‐80 normal cells.
Background: Although the expansion of innovation in the industry has led to an increase in the fast of works, production and productivity, it has also imposed an increase in the incidence of ...musculoskeletal disorders. So, the aim of this study was determination the risk level of work posture by REBA and RULA method among workers of assembly line of a cosmetic manufacturing factory. Methods: This study descriptive was carried out among the assembly line workers of a cosmetic manufacturing factory in 2016. Six tasks (including 28 work postures) were selected due to the most risk of inappropriate work posture factor. 18 postures were evaluated by REBA method and 10 postures by RULA method. Results: The results showed that the highest REBA score (score10) in the hair color manufacturing section and the highest RULA score (score 7) related to the oxidant and powder parts. The minimum score obtained by the REBA and RULA method was 5 and 4 (minimum 2 corrective action level), respectively. Conclusion: To prevent musculoskeletal disorders and reduce the staff posture score in pouring materials into the mixer or reservoir of manufacturing hair color, oxidant and powder sections, corrective actions such as the use of a pump system for transferring materials to the reservoir and the use of an footrest to avoid lifting the load to a height above the shoulder are recommended.
This research was conducted to provide evidence on the effect of CEO change and CEO’s tenure along on earnings management. Hence, a sample composed of 108 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange ...was selected and evaluated during a period of 9 years (2004-2012). To test hypotheses, the approach of combined data was used. In this research, using the modified Jones model, discretionary accruals were estimated. The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between the CEO change and earnings management. They are also indicative of a negative and significant relationship between the CEO’s tenure and earnings management.
Background & Aims: The prevalence of the mood or anxiety disorders during pregnancy is reported to be 18.2 %. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal depression on childbirth and ...neonatal complications. Materials & Methods: This cohort study selected 600 pregnant mothers who were referred to Kamali Alborz hospital in 2021 as the participants. These 600 pregnant woment were classified into three groups including: the group of pregnant mothers without depression whose Beck score was below 10, the group of pregnant mothers with untretaed prenatal depression whose Beck score was above 16, and the group of pregnant mothers with prenatal depression who were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). There were 200 participants in each of the above-mentoned groups. These groups were compared with each other in terms of preterm labor, cesarean section, abortion, preeclampsia, birth weight, apgar, and NICU hospitalization status. Results: In our study, the number of infants with low birth weight in the group of mothers with untretaed prenatal depression was higher than the number of these infants in the group of normal mothers (p < 0.05). Nontheless, there was not a significant differences between the groups in terms of the premature births (p = 0.092). The rate of cesarean sectionwas higher in the group of mothers with untreated prenatal depression compared to the group of mothers who were treated with SSRIs. Moreover, this rate in both of these groups was higher than cesarian section rate in the group of the normal mothers (p < 0.05). The number of the infants who were hospitalized in the NICU was significantly higher in the SSRIs group (p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. Finally, the number of infants with 1-minute Apgar<7 was significantly higher in the group of mothers who were treated with SSRIs than the group of normal mothers (p = 0.126). Conclusion: According to the results, cesarean section, premature birth, birth weight, and abortion were more satidfactory in the group of non-depressed mothers and the group of the depressed mothers who were treated with SSRIs in comparison with the group of the depressed mothes with ntreated depression.
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