Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium of public health importance. The zoonotic spread of this pathogen through animal-derived foods has been reported. This systematic ...literature review investigates the prevalence, distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular characteristics of S. aureus in the food chain in Nigeria. Methods A systematic search of online databases (Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) for published articles from January 2002 to January 2022 was performed using the Prisma guideline. Results Fifty articles were included from an initial 511 extracted documents. These papers included research carried out in 22 states across Nigeria. S. aureus detection in most studies was above the satisfactory level for foods (≥ 104 CFU/g). The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 1.3% in raw cow meat to 72.5% in fresh poultry meat. Most S. aureus isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance patterns, especially being resistant to beta-lactams. There is a lack of information on the molecular typing of the S. aureus isolates. The different spa types of S. aureus isolated were t091, t314, t1476, and t4690, categorized into Multi-Locus-Sequence Types ST8, ST121, ST152, and ST789. Virulence genes detected include pvl, sea, see, spa, coa, edin, tsst, and hly. Certain AMR-encoding genes were detected, such as mecA, blaZ, fos, tet, and dfsr.. Factors contributing to the presence of S. aureus were reported as poor processing, poor sanitary conditions of the food processing units, inadequate storage units, and poor handling. Conclusion We showed that S. aureus is a major food contaminant in Nigeria despite the need for more information on the molecular typing of strains from animal-derived food sources. There is a need to control S. aureus by targeting specific entry points based on the findings on risk factors and drivers of food contamination.
Climate change and environmental degradation are among the greatest threats to human health. Youth campaigners have very effectively focused global attention on the crisis, however children from the ...Global South are often under-represented (sometimes deliberately) in the dialogue. In The Gambia, West Africa, the impacts of climate change are already being directly experienced by the population, and this will worsen in coming years. There is strong government and community commitment to adapt to these challenges, as evidenced by The Gambia currently being the only country on target to meet the Paris agreement according to the Nationally Determined Contributions, but again children's voices are often missing-while their views could yield valuable additional insights. Here, we describe a "Climate Change Solutions Festival" that targeted and engaged school children from 13 to 18 years, and is to our knowledge, the first peer-to-peer (and student-to-professional) learning festival on climate change solutions for students in The Gambia. The event gave a unique insight into perceived climate change problems and scalable, affordable and sometimes very creative solutions that could be implemented in the local area. Logistical and practical methods for running the festival are shared, as well as details on all solutions demonstrated in enough detail to be duplicated. We also performed a narrative review of the most popular stalls to explore the scientific basis of these solutions and discuss these in a global context. Overall, we find extremely strong, grass-roots and student engagement in the Gambia and clear evidence of learning about climate change and the impacts of environmental degradation more broadly. Nevertheless, we reflect that in order to enact these proposed local solutions further steps to evaluate acceptability of adoption, feasibility within the communities, cost-benefit analyses and ability to scale solutions are needed. This could be the focus of future experiential learning activities with students and partnering stakeholders.
Background
Staphylococcus aureus
(
S. aureus
) is a bacterium of public health importance. The zoonotic spread of this pathogen through animal-derived foods has been reported. This systematic ...literature review investigates the prevalence, distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular characteristics of
S. aureus
in the food chain in Nigeria.
Methods
A systematic search of online databases (Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) for published articles from January 2002 to January 2022 was performed using the Prisma guideline.
Results
Fifty articles were included from an initial 511 extracted documents. These papers included research carried out in 22 states across Nigeria.
S. aureus
detection in most studies was above the satisfactory level for foods (≥ 10
4
CFU/g). The prevalence of
S. aureus
ranged from 1.3% in raw cow meat to 72.5% in fresh poultry meat. Most
S. aureus
isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance patterns, especially being resistant to beta-lactams. There is a lack of information on the molecular typing of the
S. aureus
isolates. The different
spa
types of
S. aureus
isolated were t091, t314, t1476, and t4690, categorized into Multi-Locus-Sequence Types ST8, ST121, ST152, and ST789. Virulence genes detected include
pvl, sea, see, spa, coa, edin, tsst,
and
hly.
Certain AMR-encoding genes were detected, such as
mec
A,
bla
Z
, fos, tet,
and
dfsr.
. Factors contributing to the presence of
S. aureus
were reported as poor processing, poor sanitary conditions of the food processing units, inadequate storage units, and poor handling.
Conclusion
We showed that
S. aureus
is a major food contaminant in Nigeria despite the need for more information on the molecular typing of strains from animal-derived food sources. There is a need to control
S. aureus
by targeting specific entry points based on the findings on risk factors and drivers of food contamination.
Background: Bleeding from an enlarged prostate gland is a major complication of benign prostatic enlargement (BPH). This review details our management over a 10-year period. Materials and Methods: A ...retrospective review of patients who presented with bleeding BPH between January 2001 and December 2010 was carried out to determine the outcome of management. Results: Forty-two patients with bleeding prostates treated by open prostatectomy were analyzed. The peak incidence was in the age group of 60-69 years. The main associated co-morbidities were hypertension in 17 (40.48%) and diabetes in seven (16.67) patients. Urine culture was positive in 24 (57.14%) patients, with E. coli in 13 (54.17%) and Pseudomonas in four (16.67%) patients as the main isolates. Most patients (37; 88.08%) received blood transfusions ranging from two to four units. Operative techniques were transvesical in 30 (76.92%) and retropubic in nine (23.08%) patients. Isolated median lobe enlargement of the prostate was seen in 18 (46.15%) and whole organ enlargement in 21 (53.85%) patients. The weight of the prostates ranged from 47 to 403 g (mean, 127 g). Incidental carcinoma was seen in one patient (2.56%). The mean hospital stay was 11 days (range 9-21), and the mean follow-up was 21 months (range 3-26). There was one (2.38%) mortality. Conclusion: BPH with massive hematuria invariably has an enlarged median lobe and is managed by open prostatectomy, without risk of re-bleeding.
Aim
Posterior urethral disruption injuries (PUDI) are common and on the increase because of vehicular accidents and civil conflicts. The operative management of PUDI continues to pose a challenge to ...the urologist because of erectile dysfunction and incontinence from the injury or following repair. The aim of the present study was to review the outcome of delayed repair of PUDI.
Patients and Methods
The present study is a retrospective study of all male patients who underwent operation for
PUDI
at a urology unit between
A
pril 2008 and
S
eptember 2010. The causes, presentation, diagnostic investigations, initial management, definitive operative management and complications were obtained from patients' clinical records.
Results
Forty‐five male patients with PUDI were managed; their mean age was 37.38 ± 20.014 years (range 8–80 years). Most of the injuries were because of vehicular accidents (46.67 per cent) and missile injuries (15.56 per cent). The presenting features included inability to pass urine (100 per cent), bleeding from the urethra (60 per cent) and suprapubic swelling and pain (86.67 per cent). The initial management was a suprapubic cystostomy. Twenty‐nine (64.44 per cent) patients had associated pelvic fracture, 17 (37.78 per cent) long bone fractures and 13 (28.89 per cent) bladder injuries. Other associated injuries included the bowel, head, ribs and liver (31.12 per cent). The perineal approach in repair was effected in 37 (82.22 per cent) patients, and eight (17.78 per cent) had combined abdominal and perineal approaches. The urine flow rate was 15–20 mL/s in 36 (80 per cent) patients, and 10–15 mL/s in nine (20 per cent) patients. The main postoperative complications included wound infection, incontinence and erectile dysfunction.
Conclusion
PUDI are on the increase in north‐eastern
N
igeria because of increases in road vehicular accidents and firearm injuries from civil strife. The main causes of
PUDI
in
M
aiduguri are road vehicular accidents, firearms and civil strife. The results of delayed repair are equally good, despite the absence of immediate endoscopic realignment.
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