Introduction Yijie Zhuang; Mark Altaweel
Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present,
11/2018
Book Chapter
Odprti dostop
This book presents a broad, interdisciplinary discussion of water systems and their use. It investigates a variety of case studies from different periods, ancient and modern, and from different ...regions, to explore how water relates to issues of social complexity, scale and organisation. Water sustainability is an active topic of interest today for major cities and countries with large populations (see, e.g., Liu and Yang, 2012). While this issue is not new, as societies have had to address water issues over millennia, such research becomes more relevant today as we try to understand how past societies may present lessons and
The State of Alaska faces a broad range of freshwater challenges including limited resource access in rural communities, increasing freshwater use, and a pressing need to better understand and ...prepare for climate-driven change. Despite these significant issues, Alaska is relatively water-rich and far more equipped to address its water resource concerns compared with other regions of the world. Globally, simultaneous and rapid water stresses have influenced and complicated conflicts and are motivating nations to develop markets and trade as one of the primary means to manage their needs for this resource. This paper presents these interacting issues in the context of Alaska's relationship with a world undergoing significant social and ecological changes that affect freshwater supplies. We present the challenges faced by Alaska in the context of a larger global perspective, and briefly explore the relative effects these issues have on local, regional, and global scales. We present the argument that Alaska needs to develop more robust institutions and policies that can alleviate both household concerns and ensure that Alaska plays a significant role in the international freshwater arena for its long-term resilience. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
This is the second article in a series detailing archaeological results from salvage excavations conducted in northern Iraq during the 1980s and early 1990s. An introduction and background ...information to the overall salvage project and specific information on fifteen excavated sites in the northern Jazirah, near the Iraq-Syria border and mostly within T. J. Wilkinson and D. J. Tucker's North Jazira Survey (NJS; see Wilkinson and Tucker 1995), were provided in the first article (Altaweel 2006). In that article the project was called the Ray Jazirah Project (RJP), and the fifteen sites were referenced as RJP 1–15. Since then I have been informed that a more appropriate name is the Jazirah Salvage Project. Nevertheless, for consistency with the last and future articles, the RJP initials will be maintained for referencing archaeological sites and the project in general.
This report provides data for the second set of excavated sites in the North region of the RJP. As in the first article, my role has been to provide this information to a wider audience prior to publication in Arabic and to conduct comparative analysis of the source material with other archaeological sites. I have attempted to maintain fidelity to the original source material, including using Iraqi conventions such as the system of numbering levels and ceramics, with only my commentary added to help in the interpretation of the data. In a similar manner to the previous report, very detailed descriptions on any one site will not be provided; rather, the primary purpose is to give summary data on the excavation results, with significant emphasis, where possible, on the ceramic remains. A list of the sites' occupation history and a table listing RJP sites with corresponding NJS sites (Table 1) are provided prior to the discussion of archaeological results. This report includes some additional details from a previously discussed site (RJP 5). The new sites discussed, including the first fifteen sites in the earlier article, can be seen in Fig. 1 according to their RJP numbers.
The site of Merquly is located in a mountain pass c. 40 km north-west of Slemani (Sulaimaniyah), Iraq. Excavation at the site in 2009 revealed a fortified structure whose rooms at multiple elevations ...reflect a terraced structure adapted to the steep landscape contours of its setting. Both architectural preservation and quantity of finds were relatively limited; however, despite the nearby presence of a prominent Parthian period rock relief, ceramics suggest a later Sasanian date for the site. The authors discuss the 2009 season's results, and consider possible parallels for the preserved architecture, although further work is needed to securely date and characterize the site. ﻊﻘﻳ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﻲﻠﻫﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻤﻣ ﻲﻠﺒﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ 40 ﻢﻛ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻬﺗ ﻰﻟا ﻞ ﻤ ﺛ بﺮﻏ ﺔﻨﻴﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻴﻠﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ قاﺮﻌﻟا . ﻒ ﺻ ا للاﺧ تﺎﻳﺮﻔﺣ مﺎﻋ 2009 ﻰﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﺼﺤﻣ ﺔﻋزﻮﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻋﺎﻔﺗرا ةﺪﺒﻌﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺒﺗ لاﻜﻴﻫ ﺎﺟﺮﺌﻣ ﺂﻳﺎﻬﺘﻣ ﻊﻣ راﺪﺤﻧا ضرلأا ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا ﺎﻬ ﻴﻃ . لاﻛ ظﺎﻔﺤﻟا يرﺎﻤﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻛو تﺎﻓﺎﺸﺘﻛلاا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﺑﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻧ ؛ ﻦﻜﻟو ﻢﻏر دﻮﻨﺟو شﻮﻘﻧ ﺔﻳﺮﺨﺻ ﺔﺷﺮﻓ ةزرﺎﺑ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا نﺈﻓ رﺎﺛلآا ﺔﻴﻓﺰﺨﻟا ﺮ ﻴﺜﺗ ﻰﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺳﺎﺴﻟا ةﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا . ﺶﻗﺎﻨﻳ اﻮﺒﺗﺎﻛ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ تﺎﻳﺮﻃ مﺎﻋ 2009 اﻮﻨﺧﺄﻳو رﺎﺒﺘﻋلاﺎﺑ تﺎﻔﺑاﺮﻣ ﺔ ﻠ ﺜ ﻣ ةرﺎﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻇﻮﻔﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﻤﻠﻋ دﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻰﻟا ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺼﻟا ﺢﺒﺼﻴﻟ نﺎﻜﻣلإﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ ﺔﻳﻮﻫو ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﻢﻈﻋا .
Recent excavations at Tell Sitak in Iraqi Kurdistan contribute new information on the Neo-Assyrian and Sasanian occupation of this region. The site was most likely occupied between the eighth and ...sixth centuries B.C., in other words during the Neo-Assyrian period and perhaps for some time after. Architectural remains suggest that during this phase its primary function may have been as a fortress; smaller finds include ceramics and one Neo-Assyrian cuneiform tablet. The site was occupied again in the later Sasanian period, perhaps between the fourth and seventh centuries A.D. Remains from this period include ceramics carrying a variety of stamp seal impressions and substantial evidence for ironworking at the site. ﺖﺠﺘﻧ ﻦﻋ تﺎﺒﻴﻘﻨﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺖﻤﺗ اﺮﺧﺆﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺗ كﺎﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﻓ ن ﺎﺘﺳ ﺮ ﻛ قاﺮﻌﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ةﺪﻴﻨﺟ ﻦﻋ نﺎﻄﻴﺘﺳلإا يرﻮﺷلآا ﺚﻴﺒﺤﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﺳﺎﻤﻟاو ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺘﺤﻤﻟا ، اﺪﺟ نا ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا نﺎﻛ ﺎﻨﻃﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺀلاﺆﻫ للاﺧ ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ نﺮﻘﻟا ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻰﻟا صﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ دلاﻴﻤﻟا ، ﻰ ﻨﻌﻤ ﺑو ﺮﺧآ للاﺧ ﺮﺼﻟا يرﻮﺷلآا ﺚﻴﺌﺤﻟا ﻞﻌﻟو ةﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻣﺰﻟا هﺪﻌﺑ . ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺒﻟا ﺔﻳرﺎﻤﻌﻤﻟا ﺮ ﻴﺜﺗ ﻰﻟا نا للاﺧ هﺬﻫ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟا ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻌﻠﻘﻛ ؛ اﺬﻫ ﺖﻠﻤﺷو تﺎﻓﺎﺸﺘﻛلاا ةﺮ ﻴﻐ ﻤ ﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ تﺎﻴﻔﻨﺤﻟا ﻢﻴﻗرو ﻲﻨﻴﻃ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺼﻌﻟا يرﻮﺷلآا ﺚﻴﺜﺤﻟا . ﻢﺗ نﺎﻄﻴﺘﺳا ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ةﺮﻣ ﻰﻳﺮﺧا للاﺧ ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺎﻤﻟا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻤﻟا ﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ نﺮﻘﻟا ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟاو يدلاﻴﻤﻟا . ﺖ ﻠﻤ ﺛ رﺎﺛلآا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺮﺘﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻃ ﻦﻣ هﺬﻫ ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻟا تﺎﻴﻓﺰﺧ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ تﺎﻌﺒﻃ مﺎﺘﺧأ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺮﺜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻟا ةﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺒﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا .
Altaweel, Mark R., Lilian N. Alessa, and Andrew D. Kliskey, 2009. Forecasting Resilience in Arctic Societies: Creating Tools for Assessing Social–Hydrological Systems.
Journal of the American Water ...Resources Association
(JAWRA) 45(6):1379‐1389.
Abstract:
Arctic communities are increasingly faced with social–ecological changes that act at variable speeds and spatial scales. Such changes will affect vital resources, particularly water supplies. Currently, there are few computational tools that integrate multiple social and environmental processes in order to aid communities’ adaptation to change through decision support systems. This paper proposes a modeling and simulation approach that can integrate such processes at different spatiotemporal scales in order to address issues affecting community water supplies. In this paper, a modeling and simulation tool is developed and applied to a case study on the Seward Peninsula. Initial results, using both field observations and computation, show projected patterns of water use, perceptions of water availability, and long‐term consumption trends. More broadly, the paper demonstrates the need for developing tools that address issues at the community level for better understanding human and hydrological interactions and policy decisions affecting water supplies.
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