The Bland‐Altman method, which assesses agreement via an assessment set constructed by the difference of the measurement variables, has received great attention. Other assessment approaches have been ...proposed following the same difference‐based framework. However, the exact assessment set constructed by the difference is achievable only for measurements with certain joint distributions. To provide a more general assessment framework, we propose two approaches. First, when the measurement distribution is known, we propose a parametric approach that constructs the assessment set through a measure of closeness corresponding to the distribution. Second, when the measurement distribution is unknown, we propose a nonparametric approach that constructs the assessment set through quantile regression. Both approaches quantify the degree of agreement with the presence of both systematic and random measurement errors, and enable one to go beyond the difference‐based approach. Results of simulation and data analyses are presented to compare the two approaches.
Objective
Demoralization is a prevalent psychological problem among cancer patients and reflects a sense of subjective incompetence. This systematic review aims to identify factors influencing ...demoralization among cancer patients.
Methods
Eleven databases were systematically searched from database inception to 31 December 2020. Google Scholar and relevant reference lists were supplementarily searched. Studies reporting demoralization measured by Demoralization Scale and its influencing factors among cancer patients were included. A qualitative synthesis was conducted owing to the heterogeneity of the study outcome.
Results
A total of 49 studies involving 10,712 participants were included in this review. The results showed substantial effect size variation, but the psychological factors showed the strongest magnitude of association. Among the biological factors, the number of physical symptoms (mean r values rs: 0.331) was associated with increased demoralization. Among the psychological factors, negative psychological factors include hopelessness (mean rs: 0.633), desire for death (mean rs: 0.620), dignity‐related distress (mean rs: 0.595), depression (mean rs: 0.593), anxiety (mean rs: 0.589), psychological distress (mean rs: 0.465), and suicidal ideation (mean rs: 0.460) were related to increased demoralization; whereas positive psychological factors including hope (mean rs: −0.565), attachment security (mean rs: −0.530), and sense of coherence (mean rs: −0.453) were related to decreased demoralization. Among the social factors, social support (mean rs: −0.330) was negatively related to demoralization, and the demographic factors were still controversial. Quality of life was considered to be at the intersection of biopsychosocial factors and negatively associated with demoralization (mean rs: −0.599).
Conclusions
Demoralization is a consequence of the interaction of physical, psychological, and social factors among cancer patients. Factors with a significant effect should not be overlooked when designing an intervention to reduce demoralization. It is necessary to distinguish demoralization from other negative psychological states and further explore positive psychological factors influencing demoralization among cancer patients.
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Channel evolution before and after dam removal on 26 May 2011.
•Long-term ecosystem effects after dam removal have rarely been discussed.•More energy was transferred further up in the ...food webs after short-term dam removal.•Both upstream and downstream resilience increased after long-term dam removal.•Effects of dam removal on downstream ecosystem were more evident.•Upstream and downstream ecosystems converged 8 years after dam removal.
Although dam removal has been considered a viable strategy to mitigate habitat fragmentation within a stream, long-term ecosystem effects after dam removal have rarely been discussed. In an effort to enhance the resilience of the critically endangered Formosan salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) in response to climate change, a 15-m-high check dam in a subtropical high-mountain stream was half-removed. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term response of trophic structure and function to dam removal by constructing Ecopath models upstream and downstream of the removed dam at different times. Field surveys for model parameters were conducted for a complete seasonal cycle 1 year before dam removal, 1 and 2 years (short-term) after dam removal and 7 and 8 years (long-term) after dam removal. Both upstream and downstream systems moved toward maturity after dam removal. In the short term after dam removal, more energy can be transferred further up in the food webs. The vitality and diversity of both systems also increased. In the long term after dam removal, although the transfer efficiencies of both systems generally showed a decreasing pattern, the resilience increased. Compared to the upstream system, the effects of dam removal on the downstream system were more evident. In the downstream system, dam removal enhanced the vitality of the Formosan salmon and thus the top-down control. The dominance of detritivory flow in the food web also shifted toward the dominance of herbivory flow. Consequently, the downstream system reached more maturity, and the food web was more closely linked. The ecosystem attributes of the upstream and downstream systems converged, suggesting that the decoupling between upstream and downstream systems resulting from damming disappeared 8 years after dam removal.
Pacific‐Panthalassa plate tectonics are the most challenging on Earth to reconstruct during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras due to extensive subduction, which has resulted in large (>9,000 km length) ...unconstrained gaps between the Pacific and Laurasia (now NE Asia) back to the Early Jurassic. We build four contrasted NW Pacific‐Panthalassa global plate reconstructions and assimilate their velocity fields into global geodynamic models. We compare our predicted present mantle structure, synthetic geoid and dynamic topography to Earth observations. P‐wave tomographic filtering of predicted mantle structures allows for more explicit comparisons to global tomography. Plate reconstructions that include intra‐oceanic subduction in NW Pacific‐Panthalassa fit better to the observed geoid and residual topography, challenging popular models of Andean‐style subduction along East Asia. Our geodynamic models predict significant SE‐ward lateral slab advections within the NW Pacific basin lower mantle (∼2,500 km from Mesozoic times to present) that would confound “vertical slab sinking”‐style restorations of imaged slabs and past subduction zone locations.
Plain Language Summary
Our knowledge of Earth's past tectonic plate configurations becomes increasingly uncertain going back into geologic time. Northwest Pacific‐Panthalassa plate tectonics along East Asia and the northern Pacific margin are among the most uncertain place on Earth to reconstruct during the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic eras. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed: one popular hypothesis suggests a large oceanic plate subducted continuously and exclusively under the eastern margin of Asia throughout Jurassic and Cretaceous times (i.e., Andean‐type subduction); a second hypothesis assumes that a number of smaller plates existed within the Northwestern Pacific that subducted both under the Asian margin and at offshore subduction zones (i.e., intra‐oceanic subduction). Using numerical models of mantle convection, we computed where each hypothesis predicts the subducted lithospheric plates to be at present in the Earth's interior. We compared these predictions against tomographic images of the Earth's mantle. We also calculated the gravitational attraction caused by the predicted mass distributions and compared them against the observed geoid. The warping of the Earth's surface caused by mantle flow was also computed and compared against non‐hydrostatic topography measurements. Our results favor plate reconstructions featuring intra‐oceanic subduction within Northwestern Pacific‐Panthalassa, with implications for past global CO2 and reconstructing disappeared ocean basins.
Key Points
Six fully kinematic, end‐member western Pacific plate tectonic reconstructions were assimilated into global geodynamic models
Intra‐oceanic subduction in western Pacific produces synthetic geoid and dynamic topography best fit observed geoid and residual topography
Geodynamic models predict significant SE‐ward lateral slab advections within NW Pacific lower mantle (∼2,500 km from Jurassic to present)
We examine how gender and beauty affect the likelihood of being voted as an All-Star in the financial analyst profession in both the United States and China. We find that female analysts are more ...likely to be voted as All-Star analysts in the United States, but good-looking female U.S. analysts are less likely to be voted as All-Stars. The conclusion is the opposite for Chinese analysts. We find that female analysts in China are less likely to be voted as All-Stars, but the likelihood increases with their facial attractiveness. These findings implicate a beauty penalty for female analysts in the United States and gender discrimination against female analysts in China. This career path evidence from a competitive financial industry suggests that gender and beauty biases may be rooted deeply in culture and the legal environment and should not be treated homogenously.
The vanishing viscosity limit of the two-dimensional (2D) compressible and isentropic Navier–Stokes equations is studied in the case that the corresponding 2D inviscid Euler equations admit a planar ...rarefaction wave solution. It is proved that there exists a family of smooth solutions for the 2D compressible Navier–Stokes equations converging to the planar rarefaction wave solution with arbitrary strength for the 2D Euler equations. A uniform convergence rate is obtained in terms of the viscosity coefficients away from the initial time. In the proof, the hyperbolic wave is crucially introduced to recover the physical viscosities of the inviscid rarefaction wave profile, in order to rigorously justify the vanishing viscosity limit.
We present cosmological constraints from a joint cosmic shear analysis of the Kilo-Degree Survey (KV450) and the Dark Energy Survey (DES-Y1), which were conducted using Complete Orthogonal Sets of
E
.../
B
-Integrals (COSEBIs). With COSEBIs, we isolated any
B
-modes that have a non-cosmic shear origin and demonstrate the robustness of our cosmological
E
-mode analysis as no significant
B
-modes were detected. We highlight how COSEBIs are fairly insensitive to the amplitude of the non-linear matter power spectrum at high
k
-scales, mitigating the uncertain impact of baryon feedback in our analysis. COSEBIs, therefore, allowed us to utilise additional small-scale information, improving the DES-Y1 joint constraints on
S
8
=
σ
8
(Ω
m
/0.3)
0.5
and Ω
m
by 20%. By adopting a flat ΛCDM model we find
S
8
= 0.755
−0.021
+0.019
, which is in 3.2
σ
tension with the
Planck
Legacy analysis of the cosmic microwave background.
Mutualism-the disposition to cooperate in ways that benefit both actor and recipient-has been proposed as a key construct in the evolution of cooperation, with distinct adaptations for 1) partner ...choice, 2) division, 3) punishment, and 4) helping. However, no psychological validation of this 4-fold psychological structure exists, and no measure of the trait is available. To fill this need, in two pre-registered studies (total N = 902), we: (A) Develop and administer items assessing each of the four mutualist adaptations; (B) Show good fit to the predicted four factor model; (C) Demonstrate reliability and stability across time; (D) Evidence discriminant validity from existing constructs, including compassion and utilitarianism; (E) Establish external validity by predicting proportional choices in catch division, opposition to partner coercion, and reduced support for redistribution; and (F) Replicate each of these findings. Jointly, these results support the validity of mutualism, including a motive to maintain the freedom to choose, and provide reliable scales for use in integrating, further developing, and applying mutualism.
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