Penelope Anderson's original study changes our understanding both of the masculine Renaissance friendship tradition and of the private forms of women's friendship of the eighteenth century and after. ...It uncovers the latent threat of betrayal lurking within politicized classical and humanist friendship, showing its surprising resilience as a model for political obligation undone and remade. Incorporating authors from Cicero to Abraham Cowley and Margaret Cavendish to Mary Astell, the book focuses on two extraordinary women writers, the royalist Katherine Philips and the republican Lucy Hutchinson. And it explores the ways in which they appropriate the friendship tradition in order to address problems of conflicting allegiances in the English Civil Wars and Restoration. As Penelope Anderson suggests, their writings on friendship provide a new account of women's relation to public life, organized through textual exchange rather than bodily reproduction.
We have developed a high-throughput approach using frontal affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (FAC-MS) for the identification and characterization of the small molecules that ...modulate transcriptional regulator (TR) binding to TR targets. We tested this approach using the methionine biosynthesis regulator (MetJ). We used effector mixtures containing S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and S-adenosyl derivatives as potential ligands for MetJ binding. The differences in the elution time of different compounds allowed us to rank the binding affinity of each compound. Consistent with previous results, FAC-MS showed that SAM binds to MetJ with the highest affinity. In addition, adenine and 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine bind to the effector binding site on MetJ. Our experiments with MetJ demonstrate that FAC-MS is capable of screening complex mixtures of molecules and identifying high-affinity binders to TRs. In addition, FAC-MS experiments can be used to discriminate between specific and nonspecific binding of the effectors as well as to estimate the dissociation constant (K(d)) for effector-TR binding.
Despite the manifest presence of women in the wars of Katherine Philips's lifetime, the official legal languages of war almost entirely omit women. Philips's translations of Pierre Corneille's Pompey ...(1663) and Horace (1667) draw on the principles of formal equality articulated within international and military law, which except women; the practical details of lived wartime experience, governed by convention; and the dynamics of empire and ethnicity, as they influence wartime behaviour. Literature galvanizes the relations between these layers of theory and experience by enfolding them within stories that require interpretation, positing the presence of eloquent, defiant female characters in contexts in which they theoretically do not exist. Articulations of gender and ethnic difference present a challenge to principles of formal equality, calling into question the relation between generality and particularity. Horace and Pompey reveal the fault lines in military and international law: women, whom the legal languages neglect; revenge, which exists outside the laws and specifically applies to women; and barbarity, which delineates not only those outside the legal systems, but also the inhumane behaviour of those purportedly within them.
Much recent feminist and queer theory wrestles with the question of temporality, often drawing on Lee Edelman's rejection of futurity. In her treatments of Sodom, and especially Lot's wife and ...daughters, Lucy Hutchinson offers new versions of feminist queer temporalities in the historically specific Renaissance languages of exemplarity and typology. Seen as forms of Elizabeth Freeman's "temporal drag," in which materials from the past help to denaturalize time, exemplarity and typology reveal multiple temporal frames, refusing the teleology usually associated with typology. The multiple temporalities of Order and Disorder - the exemplary lessons that readers ought to apply to their own lives, the typological fulfillment in which meaning becomes clear only later, and the lingering of poetic description and interpretation - demand a reconsideration of what history means.
Over the last 15 years, the idea that the classical and humanist canon of friendship writings explicitly excludes women has shaped scholarship around that absence. Friendship before the late 17th ...century was masculine, ethical, and public; from the 18th century forward, it was female, inconsequential, and private. Recent studies argue for the presence of early modern women’s friendship in relations of utility, marriage, and homoeroticism. In addition, I argue, we should recognize Renaissance women’s claims to humanist friendship, or amicitia, as an intervention in political discourse through an appropriation of public rhetoric.
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the promise of monoclonal antibody-based prophylactic and therapeutic drugs
and revealed how quickly viral escape can curtail effective options
. When the SARS-CoV-2 ...Omicron variant emerged in 2021, many antibody drug products lost potency, including Evusheld and its constituent, cilgavimab
. Cilgavimab, like its progenitor COV2-2130, is a class 3 antibody that is compatible with other antibodies in combination
and is challenging to replace with existing approaches. Rapidly modifying such high-value antibodies to restore efficacy against emerging variants is a compelling mitigation strategy. We sought to redesign and renew the efficacy of COV2-2130 against Omicron BA.1 and BA.1.1 strains while maintaining efficacy against the dominant Delta variant. Here we show that our computationally redesigned antibody, 2130-1-0114-112, achieves this objective, simultaneously increases neutralization potency against Delta and subsequent variants of concern, and provides protection in vivo against the strains tested: WA1/2020, BA.1.1 and BA.5. Deep mutational scanning of tens of thousands of pseudovirus variants reveals that 2130-1-0114-112 improves broad potency without increasing escape liabilities. Our results suggest that computational approaches can optimize an antibody to target multiple escape variants, while simultaneously enriching potency. Our computational approach does not require experimental iterations or pre-existing binding data, thus enabling rapid response strategies to address escape variants or lessen escape vulnerabilities.
