Campylobacteriosis is a dominant bacterial cause of foodborne infection and is considered the main public health problem in Europe and many other countries worldwide. In the study lasting from 2011 ...to 2013 we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children, domestic animals, poultry meat and surface water in Northern Poland.
During a 3-years study 1973 samples were analysed. The results proved the presence of Campylobacter spp. in 306 (15.5%) samples. The percentage of Campylobacter-positive samples differed among the sample types, from 0% (freshwater beaches) to 38.6% (poultry meat in 2011). Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in children isolates was 9.6%. It decreased from 13.2% in 2011 to 8.0% in 2013. It should be highlighted with a particular concern that Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 20.0% of fountains. All children and poultry meat isolates were susceptible to azithromycin. Two C. coli (3.7%) and four C. jejuni (3.3%) isolated from poultry meat were resistant to erythromycin. The highest percentage of C. jejuni isolates with resistance to ciprofloxacin were found in samples from 80% dogs and 85% ponds. Among isolates resistant to two antimicrobials 74.7% C. jejuni and 59.2% C. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin as well as to tetracycline. Only one cat C. coli isolate was resistant to both azithromycin and erythromycin. One C. jejuni isolate from a fountain was resistant to four antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin).
The study proved that surface water, poultry meat and pets constituted potential sources of Campylobacter to children. Fountains can be a direct source of children campylobacteriosis but can also pollute other environments with multidrug-resistant Campylobacter. The high resistance to some antimicrobials among the isolates may lead to increasing numbers of difficult-to-treat campylobacteriosis cases among children.
The popularity of nonlinear analysis has been growing simultaneously with the technology of effort monitoring. Therefore, considering the simple methods of physiological data collection and the ...approaches from the information domain, we proposed integrating univariate and bivariate analysis for the rest and effort comparison. Two sessions separated by an intensive training program were studied. Nine subjects participated in the first session (S1) and seven in the second session (S2). The protocol included baseline (BAS), exercise, and recovery phase. During all phases, electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded. For the analysis, we selected corresponding data lengths of BAS and exercise usually lasting less than 5 min. We found the utility of the differences between original data and their surrogates for sample entropy Sdiff and Kullback-Leibler divergence KLDdiff. Sdiff of heart rate variability was negative in BAS and exercise but its sensitivity for phases discrimination was not satisfactory. We studied the bivariate analysis of RR intervals and corresponding QT peaks by Interlayer Mutual Information (IMI) and average edge overlap (AVO) markers. While the IMI parameter decreases in exercise conditions, AVO increased in effort compared to BAS. These findings conclude that researchers should consider a bivariate analysis of extracted RR intervals and corresponding QT datasets, when only ECG is recorded during tests.
Ovarian cancer is the most common type of gynecologic cancer. One of the leading causes of high mortality is chemoresistance, developed primarily or during treatment. Different mechanisms of drug ...resistance appear at the cellular and cancer tissue organization levels. We examined the differences in response to the cytotoxic drugs CIS, MTX, DOX, VIN, PAC, and TOP using 2D (two-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) culture methods. We tested the drug-sensitive ovarian cancer cell line W1 and established resistant cell lines to appropriate cytotoxic drugs. The following qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess: 1) morphology - inverted microscope and hematoxylin & eosin staining; 2) viability - MTT assay; 3) gene expression – a quantitative polymerase chain reaction; 4) identification of proteins – immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Our results indicate that the drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells cultured in 3D conditions exhibit stronger resistance than the cells cultured in 2D conditions. A traditional 2D model shows that drug resistance of cancer cells is caused mainly by changes in the expression of genes encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, components of the extracellular matrix, “new” established genes related to drug resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines, and universal marker of cancer stem cells. Whereas in a 3D model, the drug resistance in spheroids can be related to other mechanisms such as the structure of the spheroid (dense or loose), the cell type (necrotic, quiescent, proliferating cells), drug concentrations or drug diffusion into the dense cellular/ECM structure.
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•The resistance to cytotoxic drugs was examined using different cell culture models.•Compared to cells cultured in monolayers, spheroids are more resistant.•Changes in gene expression are the main reason monolayers become drug resistant.•In the development of drug resistance, spheroids exhibit tissue-specific mechanisms.
Abstract Multiple drug resistance of cancer cells is multifactorial. A microarray technique may provide information about new candidate genes playing a role in drug resistance. Drug membrane ...transporters from ABC and SLC families play a main role in this phenomenon. This study demonstrates alterations in ABC and SLC gene expression levels in methotrexate, cisplatin, doxorubicin, vincristine, topotecan and paclitaxel-resistant variant of W1 ovarian cancer cell line. Resistant W1 cell lines were derived by stepwise selection of cells in increasing concentration of drugs. Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Genome U219 Array Strip was used for hybridizations. Statistical significance was determined by independent sample t -test. The genes having altered expression levels in drug-resistant sublines were selected and filtered by scater plot. Genes up/downregulated more than threefolds were selected and listed. Among ABC genes, seven were upregulated and three were downregulated. Three genes: ABCB1 , ABCB4 and ABCG2 were upregulated very significantly (over tenfold). One ABCA8 was significantly downregulated. Among 38 SLC genes, 18 were upregulated, 16 were downregulated and four were up- or downregulated dependent on the cell line. Expression of 10 SLC genes was changed very significantly (over tenfold). Four genes were significantly increased: SLC6A1 , SLC9A2 , SLC12A1 , SLC16A6 and six genes were significantly decreased: SLC2A14 , SLC7A3 , SLC7A8 , SLC7A11 , SLC16A14 , SLC38A9 . Based on the expression profiles, our results provide a preliminary insight into the relationship between drug resistance and expression of membrane transporters involved in drug resistance. Correlation of specific drug transporter with drug resistance requires further analysis.
In underdeveloped and developing countries, due to poverty, fermentation is one of the most widely used preservation methods. It not only allows extending the shelf life of food, but also brings ...other benefits, including inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, improving the organoleptic properties and product digestibility, and can be a valuable source of functional microorganisms. Today, there is a great interest in functional strains, which, in addition to typical probiotic strains, can participate in the treatment of numerous diseases, disorders of the digestive system, but also mental diseases, or stimulate our immune system. Hence, fermented foods and beverages are not only a part of the traditional diet, e.g., in Africa but also play a role in the nutrition of people around the world. The fermentation process for some products occurs spontaneously, without the use of well-defined starter cultures, under poorly controlled or uncontrolled conditions. Therefore, while this affordable technology has many advantages, it can also pose a potential health risk. The use of poor-quality ingredients, inadequate hygiene conditions in the manufacturing processes, the lack of standards for safety and hygiene controls lead to the failure food safety systems implementation, especially in low- and middle-income countries or for small-scale products (at household level, in villages and scale cottage industries). This can result in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the food contributing to cases of illness or even outbreaks. Also, improper processing and storage, as by well as the conditions of sale affect the food safety. Foodborne diseases through the consumption of traditional fermented foods are not reported frequently, but this may be related, among other things, to a low percentage of people entering healthcare care or weaknesses in foodborne disease surveillance systems. In many parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia, pathogens such as enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic
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have been detected in fermented foods. Therefore, this review, in addition to the positive aspects, presents the potential risk associated with the consumption of this type of products.
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynaecological malignancies. Multiple drug resistance makes cancer cells insensitive to chemotherapy. In this study, we developed six primary ...ovarian cancer cell lines (W1MR, W1CR, W1DR, W1VR, W1TR, and W1PR) resistant to drugs such as methotrexate, cisplatin, doxorubicin, vincristine, topotecan, and paclitaxel. A chemosensitivity assay MTT test was performed to assess drug cross-resistance. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were also performed to determine mRNA and protein expression of genes involved in chemoresistance. We observed high cross-resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine, and paclitaxel in the cell lines resistant to these agents. We also found a significant correlation between resistance to these drugs and increased expression of P-gp. Two different mechanisms of topotecan resistance were observed in the W1TR and W1PR cell lines. We did not observe any correlation between MRP2 transcript and protein levels. Cell lines resistant to agents used in ovarian cancer treatment remained sensitive to methotrexate. The main mechanisms of drug resistance were due to P-gp expression in the doxorubicin, vincristine, and paclitaxel resistant cell lines and BCRP expression in the topotecan resistant cell line.
To determine tissue expression (mRNA, protein) of two types of mucins mucin 1 (MUC1) and mucin 2 (MUC2) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).
Expression of membrane-bound mucin (MUC1) and ...secretory mucin (MUC2) in CRC (mRNA, protein) were analyzed in tissue material including fragments of tumors obtained from CRC patients (
= 34), and fragments of normal colorectal tissue from the same patients (control). The analysis was conducted using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (transcripts), immunohistochemistry (IHC) (apomucins), and the modern approach for morphometric analysis of IHC reaction (HSV filter software). Results on tissue expression of both mucins (mRNA, protein) were compared to histological alterations in colorectal cancer samples and correlated with selected clinical data in the patients. The statistical analysis was conducted using Statistica PL v. 12.0 software.
Significantly higher expression of the MUC1 mRNA in the CRC, compared with the control and the borderline correlation of mRNA expression with MUC1 protein levels in colorectal samples was observed. The expression of apomucins concerned cell membranes (MUC1) and cytoplasm (MUC2) and occurred both in control tissues and in most cancerous samples. There were no significant relationships between MUC1 (mRNA, protein) and the clinicopathological data of patients. MUC2 protein expression was significantly lower as compared to the control, while MUC2 mRNA expression was comparable in both groups. The MUC1/MUC2 ratio was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in the control. The higher expression of MUC2 was a feature of mucinous CRC subtypes, and characterized higher histological stage of tumors. Negative correlations have been obtained between MUC2 and the Ki-67 antigen, as well as between MUC2 and p53 protein expressions in CRC.
A combination of tissue overexpression of MUC1, reduced MUC2 expression, and high ratio of MUC1/MUC2 is a factor of poor prognosis in CRC patients. MUC2 tissue expression allows to differentiate mucinous and nonmucinous CRC subtypes.
A major contributor leading to treatment failure of ovarian cancer patients is the drug resistance of cancer cell. CSCs- (cancer stem cells) and ECM (extracellular matrix)-related models of drug ...resistance are described as independently occurring in cancer cells. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is another extracellular protein involved in collagen cross-linking and remodeling of extracellular matrix and has been correlated with tumor progression. The expression of LOX, COL1A2, COL3A1, and ALDH1A1 was performed in sensitive (A2780, W1) and resistant to paclitaxel (PAC) (A2780PR1 and W1PR2) and topotecan (TOP) (W1TR) cell lines at the mRNA (real-time PCR analysis) and protein level (Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis). The ALDH1A1 activity was measured with the ALDEFLUOR test and flow cytometry analysis. The protein expression in ovarian cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. We observed an increased expression of LOX and collagens in PAC and TOP resistant cell lines. Subpopulations of ALDH1A1 positive and negative cells were also noted for examined cell lines. Additionally, the coexpression of LOX with ALDH1A1 and COL1A2 with ALDH1A1 was observed. The expression of LOX, collagens, and ALDH1A1 was also detected in ovarian cancer lesions. In our study LOX, ALDH1A1 and collagens were found to be coordinately expressed by cells resistant to PAC (LOX, ALDH1A1, and COL1A2) or to TOP (LOX and ALDH1A1). This represents the study where molecules related with CSCs (ALDH1A1) and ECM (LOX, collagens) models of drug resistance are described as occurring simultaneously in ovarian cancer cells treated with PAC and TOP.
Stress and anxiety are common phenomena that contribute to many nervous system dysfunctions. More and more research has been focusing on the importance of the gut–brain axis in the course and ...treatment of many diseases, including nervous system disorders. This review aims to present current knowledge on the influence of psychobiotics on the gut–brain axis based on selected diseases, i.e., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Analyses of the available research results have shown that selected probiotic bacteria affect the gut–brain axis in healthy people and people with selected diseases. Furthermore, supplementation with probiotic bacteria can decrease depressive symptoms. There is no doubt that proper supplementation improves the well-being of patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intestinal microbiota play a relevant role in disorders of the nervous system. The microbiota–gut–brain axis may represent a new target in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, this topic needs more research. Such research could help find effective treatments via the modulation of the intestinal microbiome.
This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Campylobacter isolated from wild birds (Black-headed gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Great tits Parus major) and collect surface water samples ...(from rivers, ponds, ornamental lakes, freshwater beaches). Research material included 33 Campylobacter isolates. All the strains were isolated by different monitoring and surveillance plans.
The prevalence of selected genes (flaA, cadF, iam, cdtB, wlaN, sodB, tet0) encoding virulence factors and resistance among Campylobacter spp. was assessed by the PCR method. The genetic similarities of isolates were determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to clinically important antimicrobials: erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, previously assessed by E-test, was presented in the form of drug susceptibility profiles depending on the origin of the isolates.
The cadF, flaA, cdtB, and sodB genes exhibited the highest detection rate. Statistically significant differences between the presence of wlaN virulence genes were noted among different species of the isolates. No genetically identical isolates were found. The most numerous antibiotic susceptibility profile included strains susceptible to all antibiotics studied (profile A-33.3%). The second most common were the tetracycline - and ciprofloxacin-resistant (profile B-27.2%), and tetracycline-resistant profile (C-24.2%) respectively.
The study revealed the virulent properties of Campylobacter isolated from water samples, and wild birds, and high resistance rates to tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. The lack of genetic relatedness among strains isolated from water, and birds may indicate other sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter bacteria than birds. The presence of Campylobacter spp. in wild birds could also have other environmental origins.
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