W niniejszym artykule ukazano wpływ reklamy telewizyjnej na dzieci. Dzieci stanowią dużą grupę odbiorców do której kierowane są reklamy. Atrakcyjność reklam polega między innymi na tym, że ich ...bohaterami są niejednokrotnie postacie animowane, zwierzęta, akcja rozgrywa się przy wtórze radosnej muzyki. Z każdym nowo reklamowanym produktem dzieci zaczynają oczekiwać od rodziców zakupu wymarzonej zabawki. Nie bez znaczenia pozostaje częstotliwość nadawania reklam – im częściej są one powtarzane, tym bardziej pragnienie posiadania narasta. Również forma reklam jest dla dzieci łatwa do przyjęcia – króciutkie, kilkunastosekundowe filmy potrafią przyciągnąć uwagę nawet bardzo małych dzieci, u których możliwość skupienia uwagi jest przecież niewielka. Przed rodzicami i wychowawcami staje zadanie ograniczania wpływu reklamy na wybory i decyzje najmłodszych. Powinni oni aktywizować dziecko w innych sferach, tworząc tym samym przeciwwagę dla reklam. Nie należy jednak przy tym demonizować problemu. Reklamy są i będą pojawiały się w naszym życiu, zamiast więc je ignorować, należy je „oswoić”, nauczyć się z nimi żyć i wdrażać dzieci do pewnej odporności na ich sugestie.
This work presents the results ofa study which concerns the influence of rotating magnetic field (RMF) on the antibacterial performance of commercial pine essential oil. A suspension of essential oil ...in saline solution and Escherichia coli were exposed to the rotating magnetic Afield (the frequency of electrical current supplied by a RMF generator f = 1-50 Hz; the averaged values of magnetic induction in the cross-section of the RMF generator B = 13.13 to - 19.92 mT, time of exposure t = 160 min, temperature of incubation 37 °C). The chemical composition of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) essential oil was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents were α-pinene (28.58%), β-pinene (17.79%), δ-3-carene (14.17%) and limonene (11.58%). The present study indicates the exposition to the RMF, as compared to the unexposed controls causing an increase in the efficacy of antibacterial properties of pine oil. We have shown that rotating magnetic fields (RMF) at a frequency, f, between 25 Hz to and 50 Hz increased the antimicrobial efficiency of oil a concentration lower than 50%.
The key association between gut dysbiosis and cancer is already known. Here, we used whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to conduct metagenomic and ...metabolomic analyses to identify common and distinct taxonomic configurations among 40, 45, 71, 34, 50, 60, and 40 patients with colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoid neoplasms and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively, and compared the data with those from sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC). α-diversity differed only between the lymphoid neoplasm and AML groups and their respective HC, while β-diversity differed between all groups and their HC. Of 203 unique species, 179 and 24 were under- and over-represented, respectively, in the case groups compared with HC. Of these, Faecalibacillus intestinalis was under-represented in each of the seven groups studied, Anaerostipes hadrus was under-represented in all but the stomach cancer group, and 22 species were under-represented in the remaining five case groups. There was a marked reduction in the gut microbiome cancer index in all case groups except the AML group. Of the short-chain fatty acids and amino acids tested, the relative concentration of formic acid was significantly higher in each of the case groups than in HC, and the abundance of seven species of Faecalibacterium correlated negatively with most amino acids and formic acid, and positively with the levels of acetic, propanoic, and butanoic acid. We found more differences than similarities between the studied malignancy groups, with large variations in diversity, taxonomic/metabolomic profiles, and functional assignments. While the results obtained may demonstrate trends rather than objective differences that correlate with different types of malignancy, the newly developed gut microbiota cancer index did distinguish most of the cancer cases from HC. We believe that these data are a promising step forward in the search for new diagnostic and predictive tests to assess intestinal dysbiosis among cancer patients.
Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have been identified. The aim of this study was to ...identify susceptibility loci for HL and DLBCL in Polish patients. Altogether, DLBCL (n = 218 and HL patients (n = 224) and healthy individuals (n = 1181) were recruited. Lymphoma diagnosis was based on standard criteria. Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was performed using pooled‐DNA samples on llumina Infinium Omni2.5 Exome‐8 v1.3, and selected loci were replicated by TaqMan SNP genotyping of individuals. GWAS detected thirteen and seven SNPs associated with DLBCL and HL, respectively. In the replication study, six and seven SNPs reached significance after correction for multiple testing in the DLBCL and HL cohorts, respectively. One and four SNPs associated with DLBCL and HL, respectively, were localized within, and two SNPs—near the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. In conclusion, the majority of loci associated with HL and DLBCL aetiology in previous studies have potential roles in immune function. Our pooled‐DNA GWAS enabled the identification of several susceptibility loci for DLBCL and HL in the Polish population; some of them were mapped within or adjacent to the MHC, and other associated SNPs were located outside the MHC.
There is a technological need for highly porous bioceramics to be produced in an environmentally friendly manner. Gel-casting of highly porous HAp-(α-TCP) (CaP) foams using agarose as a gelling agent ...was investigated. Foaming of gel-cast suspension was performed at the temperature of 60
°C followed by transformation of the foams from a liquid state to a gelled state by cooling them to 15
°C. The sintered (1250
°C, 2
h soaking time) foams were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N
2 adsorption isoterm and Hg porosimetry. XRD study revealed that additives used in the gel-casting process did not influence the phase composition of the investigated materials. The macroporous microstructure of HAp-(α-TCP) foams was typically composed of approximately spherical pores (cells) interconnected by circular windows. The foams exhibited a broad pore size distribution with cells and windows ranging from 250 to 900
μm, and from 25 to 250
μm, respectively. The mode for spherical pore size was approximately 500
μm while the above value for window was ∼100
μm. Additionally, the small amount of wall microporosity in the range of 0.2–0.9
μm was confirmed by SEM and Hg porosimetry. The obtained porous (
P
=
90%) HAp-(α-TCP) scaffolds with interesting two types of macropores and a small amount of micropores seem to be a promising bone substitution material.
Hydroxyapatite (HA), magnesium containing hydroxyapatite (Mg-HA) and magnesium containing carbonated apatite (Mg-CHA) were prepared by the wet chemical synthesis. Various analytical methods, such as ...X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) were applied to characterize physicochemical properties of the studied samples. The synthesized apatites were found nanocrystalline with the absence of additional phases. Mg-CHA was less crystalline than the other samples and presented the highest specific surface area. The material had chemical composition and morphological features similar to that of bone mineral. Chemical differences between crystal surface and crystal interior of the analyzed samples (i.e. Mg
2+,
CO
3
2
-
,
HPO
4
2
-
and water distribution) were discussed.
In this paper we present a complex study on the preparation and characterization of the cement-type implant material composed of α-tricalcium phosphate and chitosan. α-TCP has already been used as an ...initial component of bone cement formulations. In most cases, however, it was synthesized using a solid state reaction. In our studies, highly reactive α-TCP powder was obtained by a wet chemical method. Chitosan is well known as a safe and biocompatible polymer. In our studies it was used to improve the characteristic of the cements. Chitosan was introduced into the bone cements in the form of acetic acid solution and acted as a binder for agglomerates of calcium phosphate grains but at the same time the impeded creation of interconnections inside the agglomerates. The concentration of acetic acid influenced the pore size distribution. In vitro investigations proved the high bioactive potential of the examined materials.
In order to improve some features of bone substitutes the new self-setting composite-type implant material based on Mg2+/CO32− co-substituted hydroxyapatite (Mg-CHA) and calcium sulfate hemihydrate ...(CSH) was developed. Synthetic hydroxyapatites doped with small amounts of additives found in natural bone (e.g. Mg2+ and CO32−) are regarded as promising components of calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs). The CPCs, now available on the market, due to low resorption rate are too stable to permit material degradation and are slowly replaced by the newly formed bone. To improve cement resorption we used calcium sulfate which is a well-known biodegradable and biocompatible bone defect filler. Combining properties of Mg-CHA and CSH allowed developing a new, promising, easy shapeable implant material with high potential for bone regeneration.
Carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAp) was synthesized by a wet precipitation method. In the synthesis, calcium oxide, H
3PO
4 and (NH
4)
2HPO
4 were applied as reactants. NH
4HCO
3 in the amount of ...0.05–0.20
mol per 0.3
mol of H
3PO
4 or (NH
4)
2HPO
4 was used as the source of CO
3
2− groups. Sintering was carried out using powders and uniaxially pressed samples of carbonate and non-carbonate hydroxyapatites. The influence of synthesis conditions as well as sintering atmosphere on sinterability and phase composition of the final ceramic materials was evaluated. It was found that using properly synthesized CHAp powders and CO
2 atmosphere during heat-treatment it was possible to obtain dense CHAp ceramics with 1% of CaCO
3 as the secondary phase at the temperature 300–350
°C lower than that required for non-carbonate hydroxyapatite. Chemical stability and bioactive potential of CHAp–CaCO
3 ceramics were confirmed by
in vitro tests.
Besides high-temperature calcium phosphates (CaPs), low-temperature calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs), due to excellent biological properties: bioactivity, biocompability and osteoconductivity, ...are successfully used as bone substitutes. However, some disadvantages, related mainly to their low resorption rate and poor mechanical properties result in limited range of applications of these implant materials to non-loaded places in the skeletal system. To overcome this problem, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) with high strength have been considered as biomaterials. The main disadvantage of MPCs is that the acid-base setting reaction is an exothermic process that must be strictly controlled to avoid tissue necrosis. In this work, a new composite bone substitute (Hydroxyapatite Magnesium Phosphate Material - HMPM) based on hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) with sodium pyrophosphate applied as a retardant of setting reaction was obtained. Its setting time was adequate for clinical applications. Combining properties of HA and MPC has made it possible to obtain microporous (showing bimodal pore size distribution in the range of 0.005-1.700 micrometers) potential implant material showing good surgical handiness and sufficient mechanical strength. Effectiveness of sodium pyrophosphate as a retardant of exothermic setting reaction of the new cement formulation was confirmed. After setting and hardening, the material consisted of hydroxyapatite and struvite as crystalline phases. Unreacted magnesium oxide was not detected.
