Thisbook elucidates the complicated relationship between religion and nationalconsciousness in the modern world, shedding light on various cases in Centraland Eastern Europe. Though those analyses, ...the authors show how religion, far fromdisappearing, strongly impacted on the emerging national consciousness.
This collection of essays addresses the challenge of modern nationalism to the tsarist Russian Empire. First appearing on the empire’s western periphery, this challenge was most prevalent in twelve ...provinces extending from Ukrainian lands in the south to the Baltic provinces in the north, and to the Kingdom of Poland. At issue is whether the late Russian Empire entered World War I as a multiethnic state with many of its age-old mechanisms run by a multiethnic elite, or as a Russian state predominantly managed by ethnic Russians. The tsarist vision of prioritizing loyalty among all subjects over privileging ethnic Russians and discriminating against non-Russians faced a fundamental problem: as soon as the opportunity presented itself, non-Russians would increase their demands and become increasingly separatist. The authors found that although the imperial government did not really identify with popular Russian nationalism, it sometimes ended up implementing policies promoted by Russian nationalist proponents. Matters addressed include native language education, interconfessional rivalry, the “Jewish question,” the origins of mass tourism in the western provinces, and the emergence of Russian nationalist attitudes in the aftermath of the first Russian revolution.
This book elucidates the complicated relationship between
religion and national consciousness in the modern world,
highlighting various cases within Central and Eastern Europe.
Through these ...analyses, contributors demonstrate how religion, far
from disappearing, strongly impacted the emerging national
consciousness. Starting with the pre-modern era, essays examine the
long-term transformation of religious, political, and social
situations of the region. In addition, the book considers the
impact of imperial powers, which tended to be linked with a
universal religion. Light is also shed on the multifaceted nature
of nations, which contribute to a new vision of the historical
transformation of the region that enriches the general theories of
nationalism.
The aim of this paper is to clarify the convoluted dissolution process of the estate-based policies of the Russian education system around the middle of the 19th century. It is already known that ...after the educational reforms implemented at that time, the traditional estate-based system was largely eliminated, and in turn, through the new system that resulted, social mobility was greatly facilitated during the second half of the century. The research to date, however, has not fully elucidated the concrete process of how the system changed, leading the author to investigate the reform process in the area of secondary education under the Ministry of Public Instruction, the education sector that was changed most radically by the reform of estate-based policies. The focus of the article is on policy changes implemented between 1862 and 1864, in contrast to the Ministry's thinking prior to that time. First, the author shows that the idea of reform up through the bill introduced by the government in 1862 did not attempt to change the social order or characteristics of various estate groups, but rather place the gimnaziia as an educational institution to integrate them in moral terms. In particular, the aim was to restrict social mobility by abolishing social privilege related to education. Secondly, the author points to the views of gimnaziia teachers as an important factor that helped change the previous thinking that went into the 1862 bill. They held that privileges related to schools operated by the state should be given precedent over estate privileges. Finally, the author shows how the Ministry sided with the gimnaziia teachers and determined that educational privileges bestowed on the people by the state be strengthened vis-a-vis privileges related to birth. It was through this process that between 1862 and 1864 policy based on the estate system took a back seat to gimnaziia that were transformed into equal opportunity educational institutions guaranteed to all estates under the authority of the state. This character of the gimnaziia would be maintained and further strengthened during Tolstoi's term of office as education minister and was related to the spread of secondary education, which helped speed up social mobility. This process of loosening the strictures of the estate system brought about by educational reform from above is one example of Russian-style modernization, which was dependent on the authority and initiative of the state.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the process of strengthening Orthodox Christianity as an ethical principle for ordinary people in the Russian Empire after the Emancipation Edict. The concrete ...research target is the politics of training village teachers in the 1860s to 1870s. After the emancipation, though the government recognized the necessity of cultivating peasants, it did not actively promote the establishment of elementary schools, and left the matter to the peasant community itself. However, the training of village teachers was an exception. The government tried to take the initiative to nurture village teachers, not only because village
Introduction Yoko Aoshima
Entangled Interactions between Religion and National Consciousness in Central and Eastern Europe,
08/2020
Book Chapter
Central and Eastern Europe has occupied a significant position in nationalism studies, mainly given the formation of a considerable number of new nation-states after WWI in place of the former ...empires there, the result of which did not necessarily lead to a stable international order. This region also produced the most prominent early scholars of nationalism, such as Hans Kohn, Ernest Gellner, and Miroslav Hroch.¹ These scholars tended to view nationalism as a typical modern phenomenon and regarded the nation-building of this region as being in some way anomalous or backward under long-term imperial rule. Hans Kohn, for example, emphasized
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