•Gas bubbles in a non-Newtonian fluid subjected to an external acoustic field.•The extra stress tensor of the non-Newtonian (Williamson fluid) is considered.•Physical models are particularly ...well-suited for studying gas bubble dynamics.•Suitable numerical methods to solve the ODEs obtained from the physical model.•Ability to perform simulations over an extensive number of acoustic cycles.
This study's motivation on the behavior of a gas bubble and surrounding fluid during the collapse phase of an acoustic wave leads to the emission of light, which can be modelled using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The significant contribution to the major addition to the understanding of gas bubble dynamics in viscoelastic fluids. The results of the study have the potential to impact a wide range of applications, from sonar and underwater acoustic propagation to biomedical applications and industrial operations. Understanding the dynamics of acoustic wave-driven gas bubble oscillations in non-Newtonian fluids is crucial for various applications in medical imaging, therapy, and microfluidics. The aim of this study is to discover the conditions under which these bubbles can undergo sonoluminescence, the emission of light due to the collapse of bubbles under severe sonic pressure. The complex ordinary differential equation is solved numerically, and graphs are generated to evaluates various parameters such as velocity, radius, and pressure. A comparison with the viscous case is also presented to assess the influence of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. A program designed by Mathematica software (13.0) “parametric NDSolve package” is used to solve the equations. The numerical solution supports the boundary conditions, indicating stability and reliability. Notably, the study identifies distinct fluctuations in the phase and stable characteristics associated with non-Newtonian effects. Interestingly, certain fluid parameters lead to discrete group modulation of radial excursions, revealing a novel and previously unknown phenomenon. It is concluded that Higher Reynolds numbers result in turbulent flow, which causes the bubble to enlarge and increase its volume. Furthermore the pressure gradient is affected by magnetic drag force, and as size of bubble increases, required pressure gradient to counteract the drag force also increases. As the magnetic field intensity increases, the velocity of the bubble decreases. Also, considering the implications of these results, the study explores their relevance to medical ultrasonography applications.
This article deals with the unsteady flow in rotating circular plates located at a finite distance filled with Reiner-Rivlin nanofluid. The Reiner-Rivlin nanofluid is electrically conducting and ...incompressible. Furthermore, the nanofluid also accommodates motile gyrotactic microorganisms under the effect of activation energy and thermal radiation. The mathematical formulation is performed by employing the transformation variables. The finalized formulated equations are solved using a semi-numerical technique entitled Differential Transformation Method (DTM). Padé approximation is also used with DTM to present the solution of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. Padé approximation helps to improve the accuracy and convergence of the obtained results. The impact of several physical parameters is discussed and gives analysis on velocity (axial and tangential), magnetic, temperature, concentration field, and motile gyrotactic microorganism functions. The impact of torque on the lower and upper plates are deliberated and presented through the tabular method. Furthermore, numerical values of Nusselt number, motile density number, and Sherwood number are given through tabular forms. It is worth mentioning here that the DTM-Padé is found to be a stable and accurate method. From a practical point of view, these flows can model cases arising in geophysics, oceanography, and in many industrial applications like turbomachinery.
Nanotechnology can significantly revolutionize several industries and technology domains, such as homeland security, food safety, information technology, healthcare, energy, transportation, and ...environmental research. Thus, a numerical study of boundary layer flow on a moving horizontal flat plate filled with nanofluid with variable temperature at the wall and viscous dissipation in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms is presented. The partial differential equations governing flow phenomena are transformed into ordinary differential equations with the aid of appropriate similarity transformations. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved numerically with the help of the built-in BVP4C scheme of MATLAB. After the validation of the scheme, numerical solutions are determined for the temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and motile microorganism profiles, along with physical quantities of interest. The outcomes of physical factors such as the variable temperature index, Prandtl number, Eckert number, Lewis number, Peclet number, plate moving parameter, thermophoresis motion, and Brownian parameters are examined and reported through graphs and tables. From the tables, it is clear that skin friction = 0 when the velocity parameter = 1, which shows that there is no resistance at the fluid-solid surface. It is concluded that by increasing the variable temperature, the temperature gradient rises, because of which the thickness of the thermal boundary layer reduces. Finally, more innovations are inevitable with the advancement of this interdisciplinary science. Moreover, the current investigation may help to efficiently enhance the viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and convective heat transmission linked to those base fluids, such as water and oil.
Mucociliary clearance plays a crucial role within the respiratory system as an initial protective mechanism against infections. Hence, it is imperative to validate any assumptions made regarding the ...mucociliary clearance and its impact on its functionality. This study examines flow of two-dimensional Reiner-Philippoff fluid within a ciliated channel, resulting in the separation of the fluid into two immiscible layers due to variations in viscosity. The governing equations are shortened through utilization of the long wavelength and Reynolds number (low) approximation. The impacts of emerging parameters are examined through the utilization of graphical representations. It has been observed that when there are variations in fluid properties, such as density, thermal conductivity, and viscosity between two neighboring zones, concept of a peripheral layer should be employed in order to achieve more accurate and realistic outcomes. The figures indicate that an increase in viscosities, thermal conductivities, and fluid characteristics leads to an elevation in temperature field in both layers. Moreover, the potential future scope of this study holds the promise of making substantial contributions to the comprehension of intricate fluid dynamics and fostering the advancement of novel technologies that can be practically applied across various domains. Additional research into the thermal characteristics of the system may contribute to a deeper comprehension of the complex interplay between temperature fluctuations and the dynamics of Reiner-Philippoff fluids. This has the potential to facilitate the advancement of thermal control mechanisms or the investigation of temperature-responsive materials for the purpose of manipulating fluid flow properties.
The present study is a measurement of the thermal and mass transfer of a two-layered flow of viscous fluid induced by cilia motion under the effect of buoyancy forces through a channel. Cilia are ...mostly of two classes: motile and non-motile cilia for locomotion and sensory processing. Cilia tissue cells are epithelia lining the lungs that sweep away liquids or solids, and organisms that have cilia are protozoans that use them for movements are the examples. The ciliary apparatus is related to cell cycle movement and proliferation, and cilia display an energetic fragment in human and animal development and in ordinary life. The fluid is considered to be incompressible, and layers of fluid do not mix with each other. The fluid flow for mass and thermal transfer is modelled in wave and fixed frame. Solutions for temperature, velocity of fluid, and concentration profile are obtained using a well-known method, namely the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), by the computation software "MATHEMATICA". The behavior of emerging parameters is shown graphically in the results section. Graphical results can be analyzed for the temperature and velocity profile, which are extreme in the inner layer for both fluid and concentration distribution and are highest at the external layers of fluid. It is the first study not examined in the literature.
This study uses a metaphor to describe the motion of cilia with heat and mass transfer, and it highlights the importance of research for understanding biological function. This research article ...depicts analysis of double-layer of cilia induced flow for non-Newtonian (Ellis fluid) with additional effects of thermal and concentration fields. The Ellis fluid model is considering as mucus present in Human bronchial airways. Respiratory tract and bronchial airways consisted of ciliated epithelium which is further divided into two layers, Airway Ciliary Layer (ACL) and Peri Ciliary liquid Layer (PCL). Due to which double-layer model has been constructed in this investigation. Mathematical modeling of double-layer flow problem has been simplified using long-wavelength and small-Reynolds number approximation. Consequent governing equations with boundary conditions gives an exact/accurate result for velocity field, temperature distribution and concentration distribution in double-layers. The influence of emerging parameters on velocity profile, temperature distribution, concentration field was illuminated by graphs and discussed comprehensively. Contour plots have also been plotted to visualize flow pattern in both layers. Evidenced graphs show that velocity profile and temperature profile are the highest in inner layer of fluid (PCL) and concentration profile is the highest at outer layers of fluid (ACL).
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The extraction efficiency of metals is improved by modified cloud point extraction (m-CPE) as compared to conventional approach (c⿿CPE).The preconcentration and enhancement factors ...obtained by m-CPE were 25⿿56% increased as compared to c-CPE.The elimination of surfactant effects via aqueous media, proposed by m-CPE, boosts up the selectivity of method.The analytes in aqueous media is well-matched with the conditions of atomic absorption spectrometry.
A new method based on modification of cloud point extraction for simultaneous enrichment of cadmium, lead and copper in water and fish muscle samples was proposed. The extraction efficiency by modified cloud point extraction (m-CPE) was compared with conventional cloud point extraction (c-CPE) method. The procedure for both CPE methods was comprised of formation of metal complexes with a hydrophobic chelating agent, dithizone, followed by entrapment of the chelates in a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114. For c-CPE, the surfactant rich phase was treated with ethanolic solution of nitric acid and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). Whereas for m-CPE, aqueous nitric acid was used to back extract the metal ions from the surfactant rich phase and finally determined. The efficiency of the methods was tested by analyzing certified reference material and standard addition to a real sample. All the experimental parameters were optimized. At optimized experimental conditions, preconcentration and enhancement factors were 62.5 and 78.0 to 83.0 respectively for m-CPE, 25.0 and 56.0% higher than that of c-CPE. This improvement might be due to elimination of the effects of surfactant on the signal of analytes by FAAS. The developed method of m-CPE was applied successfully for analysis of the selected heavy metals in water and muscle tissues samples of fish of different lakes in Sindh, Pakistan.
Enhancements brought about by motile gyrotactic microorganisms encompass improved mixing, efficient oxygen and nutrient transfer, environmental sensing, and reactions, as well as potential ...applications in bioremediation, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in fluid dynamics and biological locomotion. These microorganisms find utility in various fields such as biotechnology, environmental engineering, and fluid dynamics research, among others, playing a pivotal role in numerous ecological processes. The present study places its focus on the investigation of the effects associated with mass and heat transport in a fluid flow scenario featuring the presence of a heat source or sink. Specifically, the study aims to examine the impact of nanoparticles on Powell-Eyring fluid flow in the presence of a magnetic field (MHD) across a stretched sheet, taking into account factors such as activation energy, heat sources, and thermal radiation. Furthermore, the study explores the influence of motile gyrotactic microorganisms on various parameters. Recognizing the dearth of research in the realm of polymer extrusion processes, this study strives to bridge this research gap. Its primary objective is to develop a mathematical formulation employing a boundary layer approach, which encompasses the consideration of the interrelated effects of mass and heat transport in Eyring-Powell fluid flow across a stretched sheet in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reactions from figure it shows that temperature profile rises as result of radiation parameter's increasing values (0.1<Rd<0.4). The impact of Lb is also showed with the help of graph. Greater diffusive mixing is implied by higher Lb for (0.1<Lb<0.4), which tends to distribute the microbes more equally throughout the fluid. This research study serves as an inspiration for the innovation of endogenous heat generation/consumption within the flow of motile organisms exhibiting gyro-taxis in the presence of magnetic flux density on a stretching sheet. To address the complexity of the problem, the renowned BVP4C package, a computational software tool in MATLAB, is utilized for solving a set of highly intricate and nonlinear coupled differential equations. The nonlinear nature of these equations poses significant challenges, necessitating the application of specialized numerical methods to ensure accurate and efficient solutions.
Non-Newtonian fluids flow generated by “cilia” are critical in medicine and bio-medical engineering. Such investigations are created by the back-and-forth movement of a microscopic hair-like ...structure connected to the walls, which causes a metachronal wave to form and drive biological fluids. Motivated by a wide range of biological applications, this study aims to explain the incompressible flow of Ellis fluid caused by the propagation of an infinite metachronal wave train traveling along channel walls owing to constantly beating cilia. The problem is simplified by low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumption. The mathematical model is solved with the aid of symbolic computational software Mathematica 13 version. The consequences of emerging parameters are then shown in graphical form and discussed comprehensively. From the study, it is worth mentioning that velocity declines with increasing material constants. Temperature distribution is also improved in the core sector of the channel and reduced at the walls. It is predicted that this approach will make an essential contribution to the progress and enhancement of various types of drug delivery systems in the biomedical industry and biomechanics.
The distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions is crucial because many chemically reactive systems, such as hydrometallurgical processes, cooling towers, biological systems, ...fog dispersion, catalysis, etc., involve both types of reactions. Thus, this study analyzes the heat transmission (HT) characteristics in an MHD stagnant flow of power-law fluid caused by a spinning disk that is stretched and saturated in a porous medium. The study considers homogeneous-heterogeneous (HH) reactions and nonlinear thermal radiation subject to no-slip and convection boundary conditions. The leading equations are switched into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) employing similarity variables. The study focuses on the dimensionless concentration, velocity, temperature, Nusselt number, and skin friction coefficient, which are discussed in detail in the results and discussion section. The study observes that for power-law fluids with an index value less than 1, the skin friction coefficient decays as the power-law index grows. It also notes that the dimensionless skin friction of power-law fluids decreases as the velocity ratio increases. The dimensionless concentration increases with Schmidt and modified Prandtl numbers for both power-law fluids over a stretching spinning porous disk. The HH reaction parameters decline the concentration of power-law fluids.
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