OBJECTIVE:--To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--A literature search identified 205 articles published ...between 1981 and 2007. Unpublished data were also included where the data quality could be verified. The data were separated into two lists: the first representing more precise data derived from testing healthy subjects and the second primarily from individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. RESULTS:--The tables, which are available in the online-only appendix, list the GI of over 2,480 individual food items. Dairy products, legumes, and fruits were found to have a low GI. Breads, breakfast cereals, and rice, including whole grain, were available in both high and low GI versions. The correlation coefficient for 20 staple foods tested in both healthy and diabetic subjects was r = 0.94 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:--These tables improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.
Regional declines in polar bear (
) populations have been attributed to changing sea ice conditions, but with limited information on the causative mechanisms. By simultaneously measuring field ...metabolic rates, daily activity patterns, body condition, and foraging success of polar bears moving on the spring sea ice, we found that high metabolic rates (1.6 times greater than previously assumed) coupled with low intake of fat-rich marine mammal prey resulted in an energy deficit for more than half of the bears examined. Activity and movement on the sea ice strongly influenced metabolic demands. Consequently, increases in mobility resulting from ongoing and forecasted declines in and fragmentation of sea ice are likely to increase energy demands and may be an important factor explaining observed declines in body condition and survival.
Abstract Considerable interest has centered on Earth-like planets orbiting in the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) of its star. However, the potential habitability of an exoplanet depends upon a ...number of additional factors, including the presence and strength of any planetary magnetic field and the interaction of this field with that of the host star. Not only must the exoplanet have a strong enough magnetic field to shield against stellar activity, but it must also orbit far enough from the star to avoid direct magnetic connectivity. We characterize stellar activity by the star’s Rossby number, Ro, the ratio of stellar rotation rate to convective turnover time. We employ a scaled model of the solar magnetic field to determine the star’s Alfvén radius, the distance at which the stellar wind becomes super-Alfvénic. Planets residing within the Alfvén surface may have a direct magnetic connection to the star and therefore not be the most viable candidates for habitability. Here, we determine the Rossby number of a sample of 1053 exoplanet-hosting stars for which the rotation rates have been observed and for which a convective turnover time can be calculated. We find that 84 exoplanets in our sample have orbits which lie inside the CHZ and that also lie outside the star’s Alfvén surface: 34 of these have been classified as terran (11) or superterran (23) planets. Applying the Alfvén surface habitability criterion yields a subset of the confirmed exoplanets that may be optimal targets for future observations in the search for signatures of life.
An understanding of neuroimmune signaling has become central to a description of how alcohol causes addiction and how it damages people with an AUD. It is well known that the neuroimmune system ...influences neural activity via changes in gene expression. This review discusses the roles played by CNS Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the response to alcohol. Also discussed are observations in Drosophila that show how TLR signaling pathways can be co-opted by the nervous system and potentially shape behavior to a far greater extent and in ways different than generally recognized. For example, in Drosophila, TLRs substitute for neurotrophin receptors and an NF-κB at the end of a TLR pathway influences alcohol responsivity by acting non-genomically.
Improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is a key aspect for achieving sustainable agriculture in order to minimize costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution from nutrient run‐off. To optimize ...root architecture for nutrient uptake and efficiency, we need to understand what the roots encounter in their environment. Traditional methods of nutrient sampling, such as salt extractions can only be done at the end of an experiment, are impractical for sampling locations precisely and give total nutrient values that can overestimate the nutrients available to the roots. In contrast, microdialysis provides a non‐invasive, continuous method for sampling available nutrients in the soil. Here, for the first time, we have used microCT imaging to position microdialysis probes at known distances from the roots and then measured the available nitrate and ammonium. We found that nitrate accumulated close to roots whereas ammonium was depleted demonstrating that this combination of complementary techniques provides a unique ability to measure root‐available nutrients non‐destructively and in almost real time.
To optimize root nutrient uptake and efficiency, we need to understand the root‐encountered environment. Traditional nutrient sampling methods are only possible at the completion of an experiment, are impractical for precise sampling locations and give total nutrient values, overestimating nutrient availability. Here, for the first time, we have used microCT imaging to position microdialysis probes at known distances from roots to measure the available nitrate and ammonium. Nitrate accumulated close to roots whereas ammonium was depleted demonstrating that this combination of complementary techniques provides a unique ability to measure root‐available nutrients non‐destructively and in almost real time.
Competing interests: All authors received consulting fees and travel support from Osteoporosis Canada during the preparation of this article. In addition, Alexandra Papaioannou MD MSc has been an ...advisory board member for Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck Frosst, Novartis and Procter & Gamble; has served as a consult - ant to Amgen, Aventis Pharma, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck Canada Inc., Merck Frosst, Novartis, Procter & Gamble, Servier, Warner Chillcott and WyethosteoAyerst; has received unrestricted research grants from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck Frosst, Procter & Gamble and Sanofi-Aventis; has received clinical trial grants from Novartis and Pfizer; has received a research grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; and has served as a member of the Continuing Medical Education Steering Committee of the Ontario College of Family Physicians. Suzanne Morin has been an advisory board member for Amgen, Eli Lilly, Novartis and Warner-Chilcott and has received speaker's honoraria from Amgen, Novartis and Merck. Angela M. Cheung has been an advisory board member for Amgen and Eli Lilly; has served as a consultant for Merck; and has received speaker's honoraria from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis and Warner Chilcott. Stephanie Atkinson PhD has served as a consultant to Pfizer and Wyeth Nutritionals and has participated in a multisite clinical trial funded by Novartis. Jacques P. Brown MD has been an advisory board member for Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis and Warner Chilcott; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis and Warner Chilcott; has received grants from Abbott, Amgen, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier and Warner Chilcott; and has received speaker's honoraria from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis and Warner Chilcott. David A. Hanley MD has served as an advisory board member for Amgen Canada, Eli Lilly Canada, Novartis Canada, NPS Pharmaceuticals, Servier Canada and Warner Chilcott; has participated in clinical trials funded by Amgen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, NPS Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Servier and Wyeth Ayerst; and has received speaker's honor aria from Amgen Canada, Eli Lilly Canada, Novartis Canada, NPS Pharmaceuticals and Servier Canada. Anthony Hodsman has been an advis - ory board member for Amgen Canada, Novartis Canada, Procter & Gamble Canada, Shire Pharmaceuticals Canada and Warner-Chilcott Canada; has served as a consultant to Cytochroma Canada; and has received speaker's honoraria from McGill University and Novartis Canada. Stephanie M. Kaiser MD has served as an advisory board member for Amgen, AstaZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly Canada, Merck Frosst/Schering, Novartis and Servier; has received speaker's honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Merck Frosst/Schering Plough, Novartis, Procter and Gamble (now Warner Chilcott/Aventis), and Servier Canada; has received payment for development of educational presentations from Eli Lilly Canada Inc.; and has received travel funds for activities unrelated to this paper from Amgen Canada. Brent Kvern has been an advisory board member for the Alliance for Better Bone Health (sponsored by SanofiAventis and Warner) and for Amgen Canada; has served as a consultant for Servier Canada; has received honoraria from the Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen Canada, Eli Lilly, Merck Frosst Canada and Servier Canada; and has received payment for development of educational presentations from the Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen Canada, Eli Lilly, Merck Frosst Canada and Servier Canada. William D. Leslie MD MSc has been an advisory board member for Amgen, Genzyme and Novartis; has received unrestricted research grants from Amgen, Genzyme, Merck Frosst, Procter & Gamble and Sanofi-Aventis; has received speaker's fees from Amgen and Merck Frosst; and has received travel funds for activities unrelated to this paper from Genzyme. No additional competing interests declared for Sidney Feldman, Sophie A. Jamal MD PhD and Kerry Siminoski MD.
One of the characteristic features of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is the competence for self-renewal and pluripotency. To date, little is known about cell cycle regulation in these cells and ...how the cell cycle machinery influences hESCs properties. A common feature of human, murine and primate ESCs is the presence of a short G1 phase, which has been viewed as a time window during which stem cells are exposed to differentiation signals. We used the hESCs differentiation model and comparisons to human embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells to study the key regulators of G1 to S transition in hESCs. Our studies show that hESCs express all G1-specific CYCLINs (D1, D2, D3 and E) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) (CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6) at variable levels. In contrast to murine ESCs, most of the cell cycle regulators in hESCs show cell cycle-dependent expression, thus revealing important differences in the expression of cell cycle regulatory components between these two embryonic cell types. Knockdown of CDK2 using RNA interference resulted in hESCs arrest at G1 phase of the cell cycle and differentiation to extraembryonic lineages. This suggests an important role for CDK2 in cell cycle regulation in hESCs that are likely to bear significant impacts on the maintenance of their pluripotent phenotype.
Oxygen is a key signalling component of plant biology, and whilst an oxygen-sensing mechanism was previously described in Arabidopsis thaliana, key features of the associated PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASE ...(PCO) N-degron pathway and Group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERFVII) transcription factor substrates remain untested or unknown. We demonstrate that ERFVIIs show non-autonomous activation of root hypoxia tolerance and are essential for root development and survival under oxygen limiting conditions in soil. We determine the combined effects of ERFVIIs in controlling gene expression and define genetic and environmental components required for proteasome-dependent oxygen-regulated stability of ERFVIIs through the PCO N-degron pathway. Using a plant extract, unexpected amino-terminal cysteine sulphonic acid oxidation level of ERFVIIs was observed, suggesting a requirement for additional enzymatic activity within the pathway. Our results provide a holistic understanding of the properties, functions and readouts of this oxygen-sensing mechanism defined through its role in modulating ERFVII stability.
Many regions across the globe are shifting to more arid climates. For shallow lakes, decreasing rainfall volume and timing, changing regional wind patterns and increased evaporation rates alter water ...regimes so that dry periods occur more frequently and for longer. Drier conditions may affect fauna directly and indirectly through altered physicochemical conditions in lakes. Although many studies have predicted negative effects of such changes on aquatic biodiversity, empirical studies demonstrating these effects are rare. Global warming has caused severe climatic drying in southwestern Australia since the 1970s, so we aimed to determine whether lakes in this region showed impacts on lake hydroperiod, water quality, and α, β and γ diversity of lake invertebrates from 1998 to 2011. Seventeen lakes across a range of salinities were sampled biennially in spring in the Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions of Western Australia. Multivariate analyses were used to identify changes in α, β and γ diversity and examine patterns in physicochemical data. Salinity and average rainfall partially explained patterns in invertebrate richness and assemblage composition. Climatic drying was associated with significant declines in lake depth, increased frequency of dry periods, and reduced α and γ diversity (γ declined from ~300 to ~100 taxa from 1998 to 2011 in the 17 wetlands). In contrast, β diversity remained consistently high, because each lake retained a distinct fauna. Mean α diversity per‐lake declined both in lakes that dried and lakes that did not dry out, but lakes which retained a greater proportion of their maximum depth retained more α diversity. Accumulated losses in α diversity caused the decline in γ diversity likely through shrinking habitat area, fewer stepping stones for dispersal and loss of specific habitat types. Biodiversity loss is thus likely from lakes in drying regions globally. Management actions will need to sustain water depth in lakes to prevent biodiversity loss.
Global warming has caused severe climatic drying in southwestern Australia since the 1970s. We examined whether this altered hydroperiod, water quality, α, β and diversity of invertebrates by sampling 17 shallow lakes from 1998 to 2011. Climatic drying was associated with more frequent dry periods and significant declines in depths, α and γ but not β diversity (inset graph). Mean α diversity declined in lakes that did and did not dry. Declining diversity was likely caused by shrinking habitat area, fewer stepping stones for dispersal and loss of specific habitat types. Substantial biodiversity loss from lakes is likely in drying regions globally.
Alcohol-induced Aggression Atkinson, Nigel S
Neuroscience Insights,
11/2021, Letnik:
16
Book Review, Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Intraspecies aggression is commonly focused on securing reproductive resources such as food, territory, and mates, and it is often males who do the fighting. In humans, individual acts of overt ...physical aggression seem maladaptive and probably represent dysregulation of the pathways underlying aggression. Such acts are often associated with ethanol consumption. The Drosophila melanogaster model system, which has long been used to study how ethanol affects the nervous system and behavior, has also been used to study the molecular origins of aggression. In addition, ethanol-induced aggression has been demonstrated in flies. Recent publications show that ethanol stimulates Drosophila aggression in 2 ways: the odor of ethanol and the consumption of ethanol both make males more aggressive. These ethanol effects occur at concentrations that flies likely experience in the wild. A picture emerges of males arriving on their preferred reproductive site—fermenting plant matter—and being stimulated by ethanol to fight harder to secure the site for their own use. Fly fighting assays appear to be a suitable bioassay for studying how low doses of ethanol reshape neural signaling.
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