Background
Vitamin A plays an important role in vision, cellular differentiation, embryonic development, reproduction, growth and the immune system. Women who live in developing countries face a risk ...of undernutrition during pregnancy as a result of poverty, poor diet quality and quantity, and a high fertility rate. This poor dietary problem could reflect the high risk of vitamin A deficiency in women. The present study aimed to determine the adequacy of vitamin A among pregnant women following antenatal care in health facilities of Dessie Town, Ethiopia, January 2017.
Methods
Health facility‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted among 390 women who attended antenatal care in Dessie Town. Food groups from the Food and Agriculture Organization based on 24‐h dietary recall were used to measure dietary intake of vitamin A and dietary diversity of women. Adequacy of vitamin A was determined from the nutrient adequacy ratio after obtaining reports of nutrient intake from food composition tables version III and IV in terms of B carotene and retinol equivalent, respectively, based on the estimated average requirement recommendation of vitamin A, 370 retinol equivalent day−1 for pregnant women. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associated factors of vitamin A adequacy.
Results
Adequacy of vitamin A among pregnant women was 41.8%, with an average nutrient adequacy ratio of 0.9. The mean dietary intake of vitamin A was 290.1 µg day–1. The predictors for adequacy of vitamin A were high and medium women diversity scores (adjusted odds ratio = 2.92; 95% confidence interval = 1.50–5.70) and (adjusted odds ratio = 1.87; 95% confidence interval = 1.11–3.16).
Conclusions
In the present study, adequacy of vitamin A was low and was affected by the dietary diversity score. A focus on food‐based approaches, especially regarding educating pregnant women to diversify their diet, is crucial for reducing the risk of vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin A is crucial micronutrient for the health of women and fetus, being essential for morphological, ocular and functional developments, as well as fetal organ and skeletal growth. Its requirement is greater during pregnancy and its deficiencies lead to maternal and child mortality and development. The dietary intake of vitamin A among pregnant women remains below the current recommendation.
Inadequate intake of vitamin A
Pregnant women
Heath facility
Dessie, Ethiopia
Vitamin A during pregnancy is extremely important for fetal growth and development, as well as for maternal health. The present study revealed that vitamin A intake was very low in the study area.
First information on the timelike electromagnetic structure of baryons in the second resonance region has been obtained from measurements of invariant mass and angular distributions in the quasi-free ...reaction \(\pi^- p \to nee\) at \(\sqrt{s_{\pi^- p}}\) = 1.49 GeV with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) detector at GSI using the pion beam impinging on a CH\(_2\) target. We find a total cross section \(\sigma (\pi^- p \to nee) = 2.97 \pm 0.07^{data} \pm 0.21^{acc} \pm 0.31^{\rm{Z}_{\rm{eff}}} \mu\)b. Combined with the Partial Wave Analysis of the concurrently measured two-pion channel, these data sets provide a crucial test of Vector Meson Dominance (VMD) inspired models. The commonly used "strict VMD" approach strongly overestimates the \(e^+e^-\) yield. Instead, approaches based on a VMD amplitude vanishing at small \(e^+e^-\) invariant masses supplemented coherently by a direct photon amplitude provide a better agreement. A good description of the data is also obtained using a calculation of electromagnetic timelike baryon transition form factors in a covariant spectator-quark model, demonstrating the dominance of meson cloud effects. The angular distributions of \(e^+e^-\) pairs demonstrate the contributions of virtual photons with longitudinal polarization, in contrast to real photons. The virtual photon angular dependence supports the dominance of J=3/2, I=1/2 contributions observed in both the \(\gamma^{\star} n\) and the \(\pi \pi n\) channels.
We present the results of two-pion production in tagged quasi-free np collisions at a deutron incident beam energy of 1.25 GeV/c measured with the High-Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) ...installed at GSI. The specific acceptance of HADES allowed for the first time to obtain high-precision data on pi super(+)pi super(-) and pi super(-)pi super(0 ) production in np collisions in a region corresponding to large transverse momenta of the secondary particles. The obtained differential cross section data provide strong constraints on the production mechanisms and on the various baryon resonance contributions ( Delta Delta , N(1440), N(1520), Delta (1600)). The invariant mass and angular distributions from the np arrow right nppi super(+)pi super(-) and np arrow right pppi super(-)pi super(0) reactions are compared with different theoretical model predictions.
We present the first observation of K- and \phi absorption within nuclear matter by means of \pi- -induced reactions on C and W targets at an incident beam momentum of 1.7 GeV/c studied with HADES at ...SIS18/GSI. The double ratio (K-/K+)W / (K-/K+)C is found to be 0.319 \pm 0.009(stat)+0.014-0.012 (syst) indicating a larger absorption of K- in heavier targets as compared to lighter ones. The measured \phi/K- ratios in \pi-+C and \pi^- +W reactions within the HADES acceptance are found to be equal to \(0.55 \pm 0.03(stat)+0.06-0.07\) (syst) and to \(0.63 \pm 0.05(stat)-0.11+0.11\) (syst), respectively. The similar ratios measured in the two different reactions demonstrate for the first time experimentally that the dynamics of the \phi meson in nuclear medium is strongly coupled to the K- dynamics. The large difference in the \phi production off C and W nuclei is discussed in terms of a strong \phiN in-medium coupling.
We report on the investigation of dielectron production in tagged quasi-free neutron-proton collisions by using a deuteron beam of kinetic energy 1.25 GeV/u inpinging on a liquid hydrogen target. Our ...measurements with HADES confirm a significant excess of \(e^+e^-\) pairs above the \(\pi^{0}\) mass in the exclusive channel \(dp \to npe^{+}e^{-}(p_{spect})\) as compared to the exclusive channel \(ppe^{+}e^{-}\) measured in proton-proton collisions at the same energy. That excess points to different bremsstrahlung production mechanisms. Two models were evaluated for the role of the charged pion exchange between nucleons and double-\(\Delta\) excitation combined with intermediate \(\rho\)-meson production. Differential cross sections as a function of the \(e^+e^-\) invariant mass and of the angles of the virtual photon, proton and electrons provide valuable constraints and encourage further investigations on both experimental and theoretical side.
Inclusive e$^+$e$^-$ production has been studied with HADES in $\pi^-$ + p,
$\pi^-$ + C and $\pi^- + \mathrm{CH}_2$ reactions, using the GSI pion beam at
$\sqrt{s_{\pi p}}$ = 1.49 GeV. Invariant mass ...and transverse momentum
distributions have been measured and reveal contributions from Dalitz decays of
$\pi^0$, $\eta$ mesons and baryon resonances. The transverse momentum
distributions are very sensitive to the underlying kinematics of the various
processes. The baryon contribution exhibits a deviation up to a factor seven
from the QED reference expected for the dielectron decay of a hypothetical
point-like baryon with the production cross section constrained from the
inverse $\gamma$ n$\rightarrow \pi^-$ p reaction. The enhancement is attributed
to a strong four-momentum squared dependence of the time-like electromagnetic
transition form factors as suggested by Vector Meson Dominance (VMD). Two
versions of the VMD, that differ in the photon-baryon coupling, have been
applied in simulations and compared to data. VMD1 (or two-component VMD)
assumes a coupling via the $\rho$ meson and a direct coupling of the photon,
while in VMD2 (or strict VMD) the coupling is only mediated via the $\rho$
meson. The VMD2 model, frequently used in transport calculations for dilepton
decays, is found to overestimate the measured dielectron yields, while a good
description of the data can be obtained with the VMD1 model assuming no phase
difference between the two amplitudes. Similar descriptions have also been
obtained using a time-like baryon transition form factor model where the pion
cloud plays the major role.
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