International Perspectives on Museum Management is the first volume of the ICOM Museum Practice series. Exploring contemporary practices in the field of museum management, the book demonstrates how ...strategic vision and effective leadership can enable museums to fulfil their varied roles and empower staff to achieve their individual and collective objectives. Gathering together contributions that shed light on key aspects of running a museum in different parts of the world, the volume examines a wide range of topical issues from a management perspective. Chapters within the volume focus on governance and operations, communication and marketing, accessibility and community engagement, the decline in public funding, sustainability and risk management and planning a new museum or a renewal. As a whole, the book demonstrates that competent and creative museum management is vital to museums’ ability to survive and thrive in the face of decreased investment in culture and shifting expectations on the roles that museums should play within society. Containing insights from respected museum professionals around the world and focusing on topical issues, International Perspectives on Museum Management will be essential reading for museum practitioners working in all types and sizes of museum. The book will also be of great interest to students and academics who have an interest in museum management.
As part of the traffic control plan, road markings form the traffic surface and provide visual guidance for road users. Since their first application to the present day, road markings have become a ...common element of road infrastructure and one of the basic low-cost safety measures. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the most significant academic activities to date regarding the influence of longitudinal and transverse road markings as well as road markings for hazard locations (curves, intersections, and rural-urban transitions) on driver’s behaviour and overall road safety. The review includes a total of 71 studies from which are 52 peer-reviewed journal studies, 4 conference proceedings, and 15 professional reports. The studies are, based on their aim, divided into two categories: (1) studies on the impact of road markings on driver behaviour (36 studies) and (2) studies on the impact of road markings on road safety (35 studies).
(1) Background: Due to its high safety potential, one of the most common ADAS technologies is the lane support system (LSS). The main purpose of LSS is to prevent road accidents caused by road ...departure or entrance in the lane of other vehicles. Such accidents are especially common on rural roads during nighttime. In order for LSS to function properly, road markings should be properly maintained and have an adequate level of visibility. During nighttime, the visibility of road markings is determined by their retroreflectivity. The aim of this study is to investigate how road markings' retroreflectivity influences the detection quality and the view range of LSS. (2) Methods: An on-road investigation comprising measurements using Mobileye and a dynamic retroreflectometer was conducted on four rural roads in Croatia. (3) Results: The results show that, with the increase of markings' retroreflection, the detection quality and the range of view of Mobileye increase. Additionally, it was determined that in "ideal" conditions, the minimal value of retroreflection for a minimum level 2 detection should be above 55 mcd/lx/m
and 88 mcd/lx/m
for the best detection quality (level 3). The results of this study are valuable to researchers, road authorities and policymakers.
Traffic signs are an integral part of the traffic control plan and they provide road users with necessary information on the upcoming situation. This paper aims to examine the level of understanding ...of traffic sign imagery used in different countries and to track participants' eye movement when they encounter unfamiliar signs. Tobii eye tracking glasses were used to track gaze differences between familiar and unfamiliar traffic signs. Our findings show that sign characteristics (such as the amount of information on the sign) and the observer's knowledge of the sign meaning have a significant impact on eye behaviour. Signs containing more information (loaded with more content) and unfamiliar to the participant systematically produced the longest overall and average fixations and gazing duration. Given that longer gaze time for unfamiliar traffic signs presents a potential traffic hazard, we evaluated the need for standardization of traffic signs.
•Knowledge of sign meaning relates to the sign information load and simplicity.•Unknown signs produce longer gazing and fixation times which hinders road safety.•Traffic signs should be internationally uniformly standardized and ergonomic.
Lateral support systems in vehicles have a high potential for reduction of lane departure crashes. To profit from their full potential, such systems should function properly in adverse conditions. ...Literature indicates that their accuracy varies between day and night-time. However, detailed quantifications of the systems’ performance in these conditions are rare. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in detection quality and view range of Mobileye 630 in dry daytime and night-time conditions. On-road tests on four rural road sections in Croatia were conducted. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the difference between the number of quality rankings while absolute average, average difference and standard deviation were used to analyse the view range. Also, a paired samples t-test was used to test the difference between conditions for each line on each road. The overall results confirm that a significant difference in lane detection quality view range exists between tested conditions. “Medium” and “high” detection confidence (quality level 3 and 2), increased by 5% and 8% during night-time compared to daytime while level 0 (“nothing detected”) decreased by 12%. The view range increased (almost 16% for middle line) during daytime compared to night-time. The findings of this study expand the existing knowledge and are valuable for research and development of machine-vision systems but also for road authorities to optimize the markings’ quality performance.
•Largest eye tracking study of pedestrian conspicuity at night (sample of 115 drivers)•Reflective clothing on pedestrians elicits more active driver eye movements.•Reflective vests can boost ...pedestrian detection distance more than previously thought.•Driver characteristics do not have a major effect on pedestrian detection distance.•Driver’s expectation of pedestrians does not affect pedestrian detection distance.
Pedestrians account for nearly a quarter of all road fatalities in the European Union, with almost half of them occurring at night. The aim of this study is to use eye tracking to analyse how well and from what distance drivers perceive pedestrians wearing different clothing (black or light-coloured clothing, or an orange or yellow retroreflective vest). With the data collected from 115 drivers, this study appears to be the largest eye-tracking study of pedestrian conspicuity at night. The results show that participants noticed pedestrians wearing reflective vests at a distance greater than 200 m, while they only noticed those wearing white, grey or black clothes at a distance of 17–50 m. Participants' gender, age and driving experience did not have a significant impact on the distance at which they perceived pedestrians, suggesting that pedestrian visibility is the key determinant of their safety at night. The obtained results and the innovative application of driver eye tracking in this study provide the basis for further research on pedestrian conspicuity at night.
•Music genre affects driving speed as well as visual scanning of the environment.•No effect of music genre on acceleration/deceleration rate and lateral movement.•Musically more “aggressive” and ...faster songs increased driving errors.
Recently, distractions have been recognized as a significant risk factor in road traffic. This simulator study aims to investigate how different music genres affect the driving behaviour of young drivers and their visual scanning of the environment in urban settings. The genres considered were Croatian pop, foreign pop, classical music, metal, and Balkan folk music, while on one road section there was no music. The research sample consisted of 61 participants (44 males and 17 females) with a mean age of 24.58 years and a mean driving experience of 5.25 years. The influence of music on the drivers’ behaviour was analysed on the basis of the data collected from the driving simulator, eye tracking glasses, and structured observation during driving sessions. It was found that the highest average speed (around 60 km/h) was recorded while the participants were listening to Balkan folk and metal music, while other music genres, as well as the “no music” condition, influenced driving speed in a similar way to one another and the participants drove at 50 km/h on average. Furthermore, the results suggest that the music genre also affects how drivers visually scan the environment (the number of gazes classified as fixations and number of road signs looked at). The findings obtained may be used in road safety work and practical recommendations and further research are discussed.
We report herein quantitative in situ monitoring by simultaneous PXRD and Raman spectroscopy of the mechanochemical reaction between benzoic acid and nicotinamide, affording a rich polymorphic system ...with four new cocrystal polymorphs, multiple phase transformations, and a variety of reaction pathways. After observing polymorphs by in situ monitoring, we were able to isolate and characterize three of the four polymorphs, most of which are not accessible from solution. Relative stabilities among the isolated polymorphs at ambient conditions were established by slurry experiments. Using two complementary methods for in situ monitoring enabled quantitative assessment and kinetic analysis of each studied mechanochemical reaction, even when involving unknown crystal structures, and short‐lived intermediates. In situ Raman monitoring was introduced here also as a standalone laboratory technique for quantitative assessment of mechanochemical reactions and understanding of mechanochemical reactivity. Our results provide an important step toward a complete and high‐throughput quantitative approach to mechanochemical reaction kinetics and mechanisms, necessary for the development of the mechanistic framework of milling reactions.
Tandem mechanochemical monitoring: Quantitative in situ monitoring by simultaneous PXRD and Raman spectroscopy of the mechanochemical reaction between benzoic acid and nicotinamide is reported, enabling direct and unprecedented insight into a rich polymorphic system with four new cocrystal polymorphs, multiple phase transformations, and a variety of reaction pathways (see scheme).
Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) represents a collection of vehicle-based intelligent safety systems. One in particular, Traffic Sign Recognition System (TSRS), is designed to detect and ...interpret roadside information in the form of signage. Even though TSRS has been on the market for more than a decade now, the available ones differ in hardware and software solutions they use, as well as in quantity and typology of signs they recognize. The aim of this study is to determine whether differences between detection and readability accuracy of market-ready TSRS exist and to what extent, as well as how different levels of “graphical changes” on the signs affect their accuracy. For this purpose, signs (“speed limit” and “prohibition of overtaking”) were placed on a test field and 17 vehicles from 14 different car brands underwent testing. Overall, the results showed that sign detection and readability by TSRS differ between car brands and that even small changes in the design of signs can drastically affect TSRS accuracy. Even in a controlled environment where no sign has been altered, there has been a 5% margin of misread signs.
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