Tijekom pedesetih godina 19. stoljeća Austrijsko Carstvo u nekoliko je navrata mobiliziralo svoje vojne snage zbog prijetnji od izbijanja ratnih sukoba s Kraljevinom Pruskom, Osmanskim Carstvom i ...Ruskim Carstvom. Iako u tim slučajevima neželjeni rat nije izbio, u posljednjoj godini toga desetljeća sukob s Kraljevinom Sardinijom-Pijemont i njezinim saveznikom, Francuskim Carstvom, bio je neizbježan. Već ranije, 1848. i 1849. godine, austrijske su snage uspješno suzbile sardinijske pokušaje osvajanja lombardijskoga teritorija, ali ovoga puta bile su suočene s raznim problemima. Jedan od njih ticao se slaboga borbenog morala pojedinih skupina vojnika kao posljedice jačanja nacionalnih osjećaja. Te slabosti nastojali su iskoristiti politički emigranti Lajos Kossuth i Eugen Kvaternik, koji su se nadali da će ratni uspjesi saveznika potaknuti revolucije na mađarskim i hrvatskim područjima, što bi potencijalno moglo dovesti do stvaranja neovisnih država. U realizaciji tih planova važna je uloga bila namijenjena i krajišnicima, koji su prema idejama spomenutih revolucionara trebali pružiti vojnu potporu u slučaju iskrcavanja francuske vojske u Dalmaciji, a osim toga i popunjavati redove Kossuthove mađarske legije. S druge strane, austrijski vojni zapovjednici računali su na odanost i požrtvovnost krajišnika, koji su se iskazali desetljeće prije u borbama protiv revolucionarnih snaga. U središtu pozornosti ovoga rada upravo je uloga krajišnika u Austrijsko-sardinijskom ratu ili Drugom ratu za talijansko ujedinjenje. Iako je bio relativno kratkotrajan sukob, njegove posljedice bile su dalekosežne za budući položaj Austrijskoga Carstva među vodećim europskim silama i opstanak te multinacionalne državne tvorevine. Iskustvo rata dovelo je u pitanje i pouzdanost i neophodnost krajišnika kao vojnika u službi habsburških vladara, što se odrazilo i na razvoj događaja u povijesti Vojne krajine, poput razvojačenja i ukidanja te višestoljetne institucije, kao i ustanka u Rakovici 1871. godine.
During the 1850s, the Austrian Empire mobilized its military forces multiple times due to the threat of armed conflicts with the Kingdom of Prussia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire. While war was ultimately averted in these instances, in the last year of the decade, the Empire found itself engaged in an inevitable conflict with the Kingdom of Sardinia and its ally, the French Empire. Prior to this, in 1848 and 1849, Austrian forces had successfully suppressed Sardinian attempts to conquer the territory of Lombardy, but this time they encountered various challenges. One such challenge was the weakened combat morale of certain groups of soldiers, a consequence of heightened national sentiments. Political emigrants like Lajos Kossuth and Eugen Kvaternik sought to exploit these weaknesses, hoping that the Allies’ military successes would inspire revolutions in the Hungarian and Croatian lands, potentially leading to the creation of independent states. In the realization of those plans, an important role was assigned to the frontiersmen. They were expected to provide military support in the event of a French army landing in Dalmatia and to join Kossuth’s Hungarian Legion. However, Austrian military commanders relied on the loyalty and self-sacrifice of the frontiersmen, who had demonstrated their worth in battles against the revolutionary forces a decade earlier. This paper focuses on the role of the frontiersmen in the Austro-Sardinian War, also known as the Second War for Italian Unification. Although the conflict was relatively short-lived, its consequences were significant for the future position of the Austrian Empire among leading European powers and the survival of the multinational state. In addition, the experience of war raised questions about the reliability and necessity of frontiersmen as soldiers in the service of the Habsburg rulers. These questions had an impact on subsequent events in the history of the Military Frontier, including its demilitarization, the abolition of this centuries-old institution, and the Rakovica Uprising in 1871.
U sklopu austrijskih oružanih snaga krajišnici su uživali višestoljetnu reputaciju
kao kvalitetni i odani vojnici. Taj ugled trebali su još jednom potvrditi 1859. godine kada
je izbio ...Austrijsko-sardinijski rat ili Drugi rat za talijansko ujedinjenje. Pažnja ovoga
rada usredotočena je upravo na ulogu jedne konkretne skupine krajišnika – pripadnika
Otočke krajiške pukovnije br. 2 – u ovome sukobu. Na temelju raznovrsne izvorne građe
rekonstruirao se ratni put otočkih krajišnika kako bi se dočaralo njihovo ratno iskustvo,
kao i pobliže razmotrilo pitanje njihove pouzdanosti i učinkovitosti kao vojnika u službi
habsburškog vladara.
Od Like do Šleske Balić, Juraj
Povijesni prilozi,
12/2021, Letnik:
40, Številka:
61
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Gotovo neprestano ratovanje koje se na europskom tlu odvijalo tijekom 18. stoljeća pružalo je brojne mogućnosti mladim i ambicioznim časnicima
koji su svoje vojne usluge stavljali na raspolaganje ...raznim europskim vladarima. Kao izvrstan primjer toga trenda može poslužiti slučaj Gideona Ernsta baruna Laudona (1717. – 1790.), časnika koji je vojnu karijeru započeo u Ruskom Carstvu, a potom prešao u službu habsburških vladara, gdje je ostvario nebrojene uspjehe na bojnom polju i dosegnuo sam vrh vojne hijerarhije. Laudon se pridružio habsburškim vojnim snagama u vrijeme Rata za austrijsku baštinu (1740. – 1748.) kao član Trenckova Pandurskoga dobrovoljačkog zbora, prilikom čega se bolje upoznao s vojnim umijećem „maloga rata”. Stečeno iskustvo proširio je nakon završetka toga sukoba kad mu je dodijeljen časnički položaj u Vojnoj krajini. Koristeći se vojnim umijećem i ratnim vještinama krajišnika, Laudon je ostvario znatne uspjehe u prvim godinama Sedmogodišnjega rata (1756. – 1763.), čime je započeo njegov nagli uspon
unutar habsburške vojne hijerarhije. U ovome radu razmatra se uloga krajišnika u Laudonovim vojnim pothvatima u spomenutom ratnom sukobu s ciljem utvrđivanja značenja te specifične skupine vojnika za Laudonov uspjeh na bojnom polju, kao i njihove važnosti u sklopu oružanih snaga Habsburške Monarhije.
Constant warfare throughout the
eighteenth century offered plentiful opportunities for young and aspiring
officers to advance their military and social positions by performing military
services for powerful European rulers. An example of this trend can be provided
by the case of Gideon Ernst, Baron von Laudon (1717 – 1790), who achieved
remarkable success in Habsburg service during the Seven Years’ War (1756 –
1763). Laudon began his military career in the service of the Romanovs, but
during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748) he joined the Habsburg
armed forces eager to achieve further military experience and glory. He
acquired skill and knowledge of small war tactics during his service in
Trenck’s Pandour Free Corps. After the war ended, he was awarded a position in
the far south of the Habsburg Monarchy, in the Croatian Military Frontier,
where he accustomed himself to the military skills of the Grenzer. Upon the
outbreak of the Seven Year’s War Laudon led a Grenzer corps to Bohemia where the
Habsburg forces were trying to prevent the advance of the Prussians. The events
which followed marked the start of Laudon’s rapid ascension within the military
hierarchy. Throughout the years he continued to achieve fame and renown by
performing numerous military endeavours which inflicted serious damage on the
Prussian supply lines making a significant impact on the course of the war in
favour of the Habsburg side. Laudon and the Grenzer also participated in major
battles, such as Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, as well as assaults on strongholds
such as Landeshut and Schweidnitz. The utilization of the unique fighting
skills of the Grenzer and small war tactics proved an important factor in
Laudon’s rise within the military circles of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Constant warfare throughout the eighteenth century offered plentiful opportunities for young and aspiring officers to advance their military and social positions by performing military services for ...powerful European rulers. An example of this trend can be provided by the case of Gideon Ernst, Baron von Laudon (1717 – 1790), who achieved remarkable success in Habsburg service during the Seven Years’ War (1756 – 1763). Laudon began his military career in the service of the Romanovs, but during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748) he joined the Habsburg armed forces eager to achieve further military experience and glory. He acquired skill and knowledge of small war tactics during his service in Trenck’s Pandour Free Corps. After the war ended, he was awarded a position in the far south of the Habsburg Monarchy, in the Croatian Military Frontier, where he accustomed himself to the military skills of the Grenzer. Upon the outbreak of the Seven Year’s War Laudon led a Grenzer corps to Bohemia where the Habsburg forces were trying to prevent the advance of the Prussians. The events which followed marked the start of Laudon’s rapid ascension within the military hierarchy. Throughout the years he continued to achieve fame and renown by performing numerous military endeavours which inflicted serious damage on the Prussian supply lines making a significant impact on the course of the war in favour of the Habsburg side. Laudon and the Grenzer also participated in major battles, such as Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, as well as assaults on strongholds such as Landeshut and Schweidnitz. The utilization of the unique fighting skills of the Grenzer and small war tactics proved an important factor in Laudon’s rise within the military circles of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Sredinom 18. stoljeća na prostoru Hrvatsko-slavonske vojne krajine uspostavljeno je ukupno 11 krajiških pukovnija, vojnih, ali ujedno i teritorijalno-upravnih jedinica. Iako je glavna misao vodilja ...pri tom reformskom procesu koji su provodile središnje bečke vlasti bila u što većoj mjeri ujednačiti položaj krajišnika koji su nastanjivali taj golemi prostor koji se protezao uz granicu s Osmanskim Carstvom, pojedina krajiška područja su ipak u određenom pogledu zadržala svoju posebnost. U tome smislu Lička se pukovnija isticala kao jedino krajiško područje čije su se granice prostirale uz posjede čak dviju imperijalnih sila – Mletačke Republike i Osmanskog Carstva. Nadalje, radilo se o jednom od najslabije razvijenih krajiških područja u gospodarskom smislu, ponajviše zbog oskudice obradivog tla u tom brdovitom kraju. Međutim, karakteristično je također da je s toga teritorija potekao izuzetno kvalitetan vojni kadar koji je služio u habsburškoj vojsci. Vojna služba imala je i utjecaj na zdravlje ličkih krajišnika, što je i središnja tema ovoga rada. Na primjeru Ličke pukovnije razmotrit će se utjecaj zaraznih bolesti na živote krajišnika, kao i uloga ličkih krajišnika u sklopu habsburškog sanitarnog kordona tijekom 18. i 19. stoljeća.
In the middle of the eighteenth century, a reorganization of the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier took place, which resulted in the establishment of eleven Grenzer regiments, designed to function both as military and territorial units. Although the guiding thought behind the reform carried out by the central authorities in Vienna was to integrate as much as possible the diverse Grenzer areas stretching along the border between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, certain regimental territories remained specific due to their characteristic features. In this regard, the Lika Regiment stood out as the only area in the entire Military Frontier which faced the lands of two imperial powers – the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, this was one of the most economically underdeveloped Grenzer areas, because unfavorable climate and terrain contributed to the scarcity of arable land. However, this territory also constituted a valuable recruitment ground for the Habsburg armies. All these factors had a significant impact on the health of the inhabitants of the area, which is the main focus of this paper. On the example of the Lika Regiment, the paper will give an overview of the impact that infectious diseases had on the lives of local inhabitants, as well as of the role that the Lika Grenzer played within the Habsburg Sanitary Cordon during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
In the middle of the eighteenth century, a reorganization of the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier took place, which resulted in the establishment of eleven Grenzer regiments, designed to function ...both as military and territorial units. Although the guiding thought behind the reform carried out by the central authorities in Vienna was to integrate as much as possible the diverse Grenzer areas stretching along the border between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, certain regimental territories remained specific due to their characteristic features. In this regard, the Lika Regiment stood out as the only area in the entire Military Frontier which faced the lands of two imperial powers – the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, this was one of the most economically underdeveloped Grenzer areas, because unfavorable climate and terrain contributed to the scarcity of arable land. However, this territory also constituted a valuable recruitment ground for the Habsburg armies. All these factors had a significant impact on the health of the inhabitants of the area, which is the main focus of this paper. On the example of the Lika Regiment, the paper will give an overview of the impact that infectious diseases had on the lives of local inhabitants, as well as of the role that the Lika Grenzer played within the Habsburg Sanitary Cordon during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
The regions of Lika and Krbava were among the recent territorial (re)acquisitions of the Habsburg rulers following the Great Turkish War or the War of the Holy League (1683-1699). Incorporation of ...these regions into the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier presented a great diffi culty to the Habsburg authorities because of the defiant nature of their inhabitants, who persistently defended their rights and privileges. Like many other Grenzer, the Lycanians, as they were referred to in the contemporary British newspapers, initiated revolts whenever they felt that their privileged status might be endangered. Nonetheless, these and other Grenzer troops not only defended the Habsburg borders from the Ottomans, but also fought for their rulers all across Europe. The aim of this paper is to examine the role and success of these particular Grenzer during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Th e main focus will be on their depiction in the contemporary British and Austrian newspapers which followed the actions of various combatants during the mentioned conflicts.
PDF
